Flinders University, 5001, Australia.
The Philippines (Flinders University, Australia).
Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Nov;85:101-117. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.030. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
While the poor psychosocial outcomes of young people who have experienced bullying are well known, the harm associated with experiences that do not meet the bullying criteria is not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the level of harm associated with experiences of peer aggression, as well as bullying, by directly measuring the four elements of intent, perceived harm, repetition and power imbalance that comprise the bullying criteria. The purpose of the study was to establish whether bullying was the most harmful form of peer aggression and whether other types of peer aggression that did not comprise all elements of bullying were comparably harmful. Over 6000 students (aged 11-16) from 10 countries completed a student victimization and aggression questionnaire. Data showed that approximately 50% of participants were not intentionally harmed through peer aggression, although this varied across countries, ranging from 10% in India to 87.5% in Taiwan. In all countries, analyses identified a group that had experienced repeated peer aggression, but with no power imbalance, comparable in size to the bullied group, suggesting that bullying is just "the tip of the iceberg". Victims of bullying self-reported the greatest experiences of harm, although victims of repeated aggression reported comparable harm. The findings show that peer aggression experiences that do not meet the bullying criteria are also rated as harmful by victims. More research is needed to fully understand negative peer interactions that include behaviors outside the scope of the bullying definition, particularly with regard to repeated peer aggression. This study suggests that researchers should consider the level of harm experienced by individuals and avoid terminology such as bullying, while policy makers should place a strong and explicit focus on encompassing a broader realm of harmful peer aggression.
虽然人们已经熟知遭受欺凌的年轻人的心理社会后果较差，但对于不符合欺凌标准的经历所带来的伤害还没有得到很好的理解。本研究的目的是通过直接测量构成欺凌标准的四个要素（意图、感知伤害、重复和权力失衡）来检验与同伴攻击（包括欺凌）相关的伤害程度，并探讨欺凌是否是最具伤害性的同伴攻击形式，以及其他不构成欺凌所有要素的同伴攻击形式是否具有相当的危害性。来自 10 个国家的 6000 多名（年龄在 11-16 岁之间）学生完成了一份学生受害和攻击问卷。数据显示，大约 50%的参与者没有被同伴攻击故意伤害，尽管这在不同国家有所不同，从印度的 10%到中国台湾的 87.5%不等。在所有国家，分析结果都确定了一个存在重复同伴攻击但没有权力失衡的群体，其规模与被欺凌群体相当，这表明欺凌只是“冰山一角”。欺凌的受害者自我报告了最大的伤害经历，尽管重复攻击的受害者也报告了类似的伤害。研究结果表明，不符合欺凌标准的同伴攻击经历也被受害者评定为具有伤害性。需要进一步的研究来全面了解包括欺凌定义范围之外的行为在内的负面同伴互动，特别是重复的同伴攻击。本研究表明，研究人员应该考虑个体所经历的伤害程度，避免使用欺凌等术语，而政策制定者应该明确将更广泛的有害同伴攻击领域纳入考虑范围。
