Mechanisms of organic acids and boron induced tolerance of aluminum toxicity: A review.

Aluminum is a major limiting abiotic factor for plant growth and productivity on acidic soils. The primary disorder of aluminum toxicity is the rapid cessation of root elongation. The root apex is the most sensitive part of this organ. Although significant literature evidence and hypothesis exist on aluminum toxicity, the explicit mechanism through which aluminum ceases root growth is still indefinable. The mechanisms of tolerance in plants have been the focus of intense research. Some plant species growing on acidic soils have developed tolerance mechanisms to overcome and mitigate aluminum toxicity, either by avoiding entry of Al into roots (exclusion mechanism) or by being able to counterbalance toxic Al engrossed by the root system (internal tolerance mechanism). Genes belonging to ALMT (Aluminum-activated malate transporter) and MATE (Multidrug and toxin compounds extrusion) have been identified that are involved in the aluminum-activated secretion of organic acids from roots. However, different plant species show different gene expression pattern. On the other hand, boron (B) (indispensable micronutrient) is a promising nutrient in the tolerance to aluminum toxicity. It not only hinders the adsorption of aluminum to the cell wall but also improves plant growth. This review mainly explains the critical roles of organic acid and B-induced tolerance to aluminum by summarizing the mechanisms of ALMT, MATE, internal detoxification, molecular traits and genetic engineering of crops.