Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018 Nov 21;27(4):1546-1571. doi: 10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0100.
The aim of this study was to provide a cross-linguistic review of acquisition of consonant phonemes to inform speech-language pathologists' expectations of children's developmental capacity by (a) identifying characteristics of studies of consonant acquisition, (b) describing general principles of consonant acquisition, and (c) providing case studies for English, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish.
A cross-linguistic review was undertaken of 60 articles describing 64 studies of consonant acquisition by 26,007 children from 31 countries in 27 languages: Afrikaans, Arabic, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Jamaican Creole, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Maltese, Mandarin (Putonghua), Portuguese, Setswana (Tswana), Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Turkish, and Xhosa.
Most studies were cross-sectional and examined single word production. Combining data from 27 languages, most of the world's consonants were acquired by 5;0 years;months old. By 5;0, children produced at least 93% of consonants correctly. Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants (e.g., clicks) were acquired earlier than trills, flaps, fricatives, and affricates. Most labial, pharyngeal, and posterior lingual consonants were acquired earlier than consonants with anterior tongue placement. However, there was an interaction between place and manner where plosives and nasals produced with anterior tongue placement were acquired earlier than anterior trills, fricatives, and affricates.
Children across the world acquire consonants at a young age. Five-year-old children have acquired most consonants within their ambient language; however, individual variability should be considered.
本研究旨在通过（a）确定对辅音习得的研究特点，（b）描述辅音习得的一般原则，以及（c）提供英语、日语、韩语和西班牙语的案例研究，为言语语言病理学家对儿童发展能力的期望提供跨语言综述。
对 60 篇描述 31 个国家 27 种语言中 26007 名儿童的 64 项辅音习得研究的跨语言综述：南非荷兰语、阿拉伯语、粤语、丹麦语、荷兰语、英语、法语、德语、希腊语、海地克里奥尔语、希伯来语、匈牙利语、冰岛语、意大利语、牙买加克里奥尔语、日语、韩语、马来语、马耳他语、普通话（国语）、葡萄牙语、塞茨瓦纳语（茨瓦纳语）、斯洛文尼亚语、西班牙语、斯瓦希里语、土耳其语和科萨语。
大多数研究是横断面研究，只检查了单词的产生。将 27 种语言的数据合并后，世界上大多数辅音在 5 岁零 0 个月时被习得；到 5 岁时，儿童正确地发出至少 93%的辅音。爆破音、鼻音和非肺音辅音（如，咔嗒音）比颤音、边音、擦音和塞擦音更早被习得。大多数唇音、咽音和后舌音辅音比前舌音位置的辅音更早被习得。然而，在位置和方式之间存在交互作用，即前舌音位置的爆破音和鼻音比前颤音、摩擦音和塞擦音更早被习得。
全世界的儿童在很小的时候就开始习得辅音。5 岁的儿童已经习得他们所处语言环境中的大多数辅音；然而，应该考虑个体差异。
