Ahmed Serge H, Badiani Aldo, Miczek Klaus A, Müller Christian P
Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH Brighton, UK.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Mar;110:3-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.015. Epub 2018 Sep 1.
Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption. However, psychoactive drugs are not used in an arbitrary way as pure pharmacological reinforcement would suggest, but rather in a highly specific manner depending on non-pharmacological factors. While pharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs are well studied, neurobiological mechanisms of non-pharmacological factors are less well understood. Here we review the emerging neurobiological mechanisms beyond pharmacological reinforcement which determine drug effects and use frequency. Important progress was made on the understanding of how the character of an environment and social stress determine drug self-administration. This is expanded by new evidence on how behavioral alternatives and opportunities for drug instrumentalization generate different patterns of drug choice. Emerging evidence suggests that the neurobiology of non-pharmacological factors strongly determines pharmacological and behavioral drug action and may, thus, give rise for an expanded system's approach of psychoactive drug use and addiction.
基于其药理特性，精神活性药物被认为能够控制自然奖励系统，最终驱使人们强制寻求和使用药物。然而，精神活性药物并非如单纯药理强化作用所暗示的那样被随意使用，而是以高度特定的方式使用，这取决于非药理因素。虽然精神活性药物的药理作用已得到充分研究，但非药理因素的神经生物学机制却了解较少。在此，我们综述了除药理强化作用之外的新兴神经生物学机制，这些机制决定了药物效应和使用频率。在理解环境特征和社会压力如何决定药物自我给药方面取得了重要进展。关于行为替代方案和药物工具化机会如何产生不同药物选择模式的新证据进一步拓展了这一认识。新出现的证据表明，非药理因素的神经生物学强烈决定了药物的药理和行为作用，因此可能促使人们采用更广泛的系统方法来研究精神活性药物的使用和成瘾问题。
