Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya Caddesi No: 156 35330 Balçova, Izmir, Turkey.
Sustainable Industrial Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Dec 1;643:1579-1589. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.290. Epub 2018 Jul 4.
One of the benefits of hybrid solar PV-battery systems is that they can reduce grid dependency and help balance electricity supply and demand. However, their environmental impacts and benefits remain underexplored. This study considers for the first time life cycle environmental impacts of domestic-scale PV-battery systems in Turkey, integrating multi-crystalline PV and lithium-ion battery. The impacts were estimated for both individual installations and at the national level, considering different regions across the country and taking into account their insolation and other climatic differences. Electricity generation and storage were modelled on an hourly basis taking into account consumer behaviour. The results show that the system can meet between 12.5% and 18.4% of the household's annual electricity needs. On a life cycle basis, it generates 4.7-8 times more energy than it consumes. Solar PV is the major contributor to most impacts (75%-81%). An exception is human toxicity which is mainly due to the battery (66%). The hybrid system has 1.6-82.6 times lower impacts than grid electricity. Assuming a very modest uptake at the national level (2%-8%), the use of hybrid systems would save 558,000 t CO-eq./yr compared to grid electricity. Thus, these results demonstrate clearly the environmental benefits of these hybrid systems. Together with the financial and energy security benefits for both the country and the consumer, this provides a strong impetus for their wider deployment. However, this will be difficult to achieve, as there are no incentives for battery storage. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant legislation be introduced to stimulate future uptake of hybrid PV-battery systems.
混合太阳能光伏-电池系统的好处之一是它们可以减少对电网的依赖，并有助于平衡电力供需。然而，它们的环境影响和效益仍未得到充分探索。本研究首次考虑了土耳其住宅规模光伏-电池系统的生命周期环境影响，集成了多晶硅光伏和锂离子电池。考虑到该国不同地区的太阳能辐射和其他气候差异，分别对单个装置和国家层面的影响进行了估计。考虑到消费者行为，以小时为单位对发电和存储进行建模。结果表明，该系统可以满足家庭年用电量的 12.5%至 18.4%。从生命周期的角度来看，它产生的能量比消耗的能量多 4.7-8 倍。太阳能光伏是大多数影响的主要贡献者（75%-81%）。一个例外是人类毒性，主要是由于电池（66%）造成的。与电网电力相比，混合系统的影响低 1.6-82.6 倍。假设在全国范围内采用非常适度的水平（2%-8%），与电网电力相比，使用混合系统将每年节省 558,000 公吨二氧化碳当量。因此，这些结果清楚地表明了这些混合系统的环境效益。再加上国家和消费者在财务和能源安全方面的好处，这为它们的更广泛部署提供了强有力的动力。然而，这将是困难的，因为没有电池存储的激励措施。因此，建议引入相关立法，以刺激未来混合光伏-电池系统的采用。
