University College London, UK.
University College London, UK.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;57(9):687-695.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.020. Epub 2018 Jul 21.
Childhood maltreatment has been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Atypical self-generated thoughts (SGT), lacking in positive and privileging negative content-a feature of ruminative thinking-might represent one vulnerability factor for developing depression. Rumination in MDD has been linked to alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) to the default mode network and the fronto-parietal network (FPN). This study aimed to investigate online SGT content and its variability, as well as sgACC RSFC, as potential risk markers for depression in adolescents who experienced maltreatment.
Adolescents 12 to 16 years old (29 with maltreatment history [MT] and 39 with no maltreatment history [NMT]) performed an established mind-wandering task. Participants made nondemanding number discriminations during which intermittent questions probed their SGTs that were classified as off-task, positive, negative, self-related, other-related, past-oriented, or future-oriented. Resting-state data were acquired separately for 22 of 29 MT and 27 39 NMT adolescents, and seed-based functional connectivity analyses of the sgACC were performed.
MT, relative to the NMT adolescents, generated significantly fewer positively valenced thoughts, and exhibited more extreme ratings for positively valenced thoughts. MT adolescents also showed significantly reduced RSFC between the sgACC and the FPN. Group differences in depressive symptoms between the MT and NMT adolescents were partly accounted by differences in sgACC-FPN RSFC.
Adolescents who experienced maltreatment show a reduction in positively valenced spontaneous thoughts and reduced sgACC-FPN RSFC at the neural level. These may contribute to a ruminative thinking style, representing risk factors for developing depression later in life.
儿童期虐待与重性抑郁障碍（MDD）有关。非典型的自我产生思维（SGT）缺乏积极和特权的消极内容——沉思思维的一个特征——可能代表了发展为抑郁的一个脆弱因素。MDD 中的沉思与内侧前扣带回皮质（sgACC）到默认模式网络和额顶网络（FPN）的静息状态功能连接（RSFC）的改变有关。本研究旨在探讨经历过虐待的青少年的在线 SGT 内容及其可变性，以及 sgACC RSFC，作为抑郁的潜在风险标志物。
12 至 16 岁的青少年（29 名有虐待史[MT]，39 名无虐待史[NMT]）完成了一项既定的走神任务。参与者在进行无要求的数字辨别时，会间歇性地提出问题，以探测他们的 SGT，这些 SGT 被归类为离题、积极、消极、自我相关、他人相关、过去导向或未来导向。对 29 名 MT 和 27 名 39 名 NMT 青少年中的 22 名进行了静息状态数据采集，并对 sgACC 进行了基于种子的功能连接分析。
与 NMT 青少年相比，MT 青少年产生的积极评价思维明显较少，且对积极评价思维的评价更为极端。MT 青少年的 sgACC 与 FPN 之间的 RSFC 也明显减少。MT 和 NMT 青少年之间在抑郁症状上的组间差异部分归因于 sgACC-FPN RSFC 的差异。
经历过虐待的青少年表现出积极评价思维的减少和 sgACC-FPN RSFC 的减少，这可能与沉思思维方式有关，代表了以后生活中发展为抑郁的风险因素。
