Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Department of Behavioral Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.
Int J Psychol. 2019 Dec;54(6):705-711. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12529. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
Sex differences in personality have been shown to be larger in more gender equal countries. We advance this research by using an extensive personality measure, the IPIP-NEO-120, with large country samples (N > 1000), from 22 countries. Furthermore, to capture the multidimensionality of personality we measure sex differences with a multivariate effect size (Mahalanobis distance D). Results indicate that past research, using univariate measures of effect size, have underestimated the size of between-country sex differences in personality. Confirming past research, there was a strong correlation (r = .69) between a country's sex differences in personality and their Gender Equality Index. Additional analyses showed that women typically score higher than men on all five trait factors (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness), and that these relative differences are larger in more gender equal countries. We speculate that as gender equality increases both men and women gravitate towards their traditional gender roles.
性别在个性上的差异在性别平等程度较高的国家中表现得更为明显。我们通过使用广泛的人格量表——国际人格项目问卷-短式 120（IPIP-NEO-120），对来自 22 个国家的超过 1000 个大样本进行研究，从而推进了这一研究。此外，为了捕捉人格的多维性，我们使用多元效度量表（马氏距离 D）来衡量性别差异。结果表明，过去使用单变量效度量表的研究低估了国家间个性性别差异的大小。与过去的研究一致，一个国家在个性上的性别差异与他们的性别平等指数之间存在很强的相关性（r =.69）。进一步的分析表明，在所有五个特质因素（神经质、外向性、开放性、宜人性和尽责性）上，女性的得分通常高于男性，而且在性别平等程度较高的国家，这种相对差异更大。我们推测，随着性别平等的提高，男性和女性都倾向于传统的性别角色。
