Costa Paul T, Terracciano Antonio, McCrae Robert R
National Insts of Health.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001 Aug;81(2):322-331. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322.
Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that gender differences are small relative to individual variation within genders; differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and differences are broadly consistent with gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of gender differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, gender differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.
对来自26种文化（N = 23,031）的修订版大五人格量表数据进行的二次分析表明，相对于性别内部的个体差异，性别差异较小；在大学生和成人样本中，跨文化都存在差异，且这些差异与性别刻板印象大致相符：女性自我报告在神经质、宜人性、热情和情感开放性方面得分更高，而男性在果敢性和思想开放性方面得分更高。与进化理论的预测相反，性别差异的大小因文化而异。与社会角色模型的预测相反，性别差异在欧美文化中最为明显，而在这些文化中传统性别角色已被最小化。文中讨论了这一惊人发现的可能解释，包括在传统文化中将男性和女性行为归因于角色而非特质。
