Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
J Hazard Mater. 2019 Jan 15;362:107-114. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.038. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
The most effective biocide used historically in antifouling paints is tributyltin (TBT). However, due to its extreme toxicity to non-target organisms and its persistence in the environment, the use of TBT and other organotin compounds (OTCs) was restricted in EU on leisure boats and ships in 1989 and 2003, respectively. Nevertheless, studies worldwide still report TBT to be released from both ships and leisure boats. Here, we present a new application for a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) used for screening for organotin paint through measurements of tin (Sn) on leisure boats and ships. Measurements on ships built after the restrictions showed concentrations of up to 68 μg Sn/cm, likely due to impurities of inorganic Sn, as shown through chemical analysis of 21 organotin-free paints. A threshold value of 100 μg Sn/cm is suggested, where exceedance indicates presence of OTCs. Screening with the XRF method showed 10% of the commercial vessels (n = 30) and 23-29% of leisure boats (n = 693, investigated in this and in a previous study) to hold concentrations exceeding 100 μg Sn/cm. The XRF technique presented here provides a useful tool for quick screening and identification of vessels holding banned organotin paint.
历史上，防污漆中最有效的杀菌剂是三丁基锡（TBT）。然而，由于其对非目标生物的极端毒性及其在环境中的持久性，TBT 和其他有机锡化合物（OTCs）的使用分别于 1989 年和 2003 年在欧盟的休闲船和船舶中受到限制。尽管如此，全球各地的研究仍报告称，TBT 仍从船舶和休闲船中释放出来。在这里，我们介绍了一种现场便携式 X 射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）的新应用，用于通过测量休闲船和船舶上的锡（Sn）来筛选有机锡涂料。对限制后建造的船舶进行的测量显示，锡浓度高达 68μg Sn/cm，这可能是由于无机 Sn 的杂质造成的，这通过对 21 种无有机锡涂料的化学分析得到证实。建议设定 100μg Sn/cm 的阈值，超过该阈值表明存在 OTCs。使用 XRF 方法进行筛查显示，10%的商业船只（n=30）和 23-29%的休闲船（n=693，本研究和之前的研究都进行了调查）的锡浓度超过 100μg Sn/cm。本文提出的 XRF 技术为快速筛选和识别含有禁用有机锡涂料的船只提供了一种有用的工具。
