Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
J Adolesc Health. 2018 Sep;63(3):286-292. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.013.
To evaluate variation in vaccine requirements, recommendations, and enforcement strategies among U.S. four-year colleges and universities.
We conducted a cross-sectional study abstracting information from Web sites among a sample of 216 four-year colleges and universities from all 50 states and District of Columbia. Our primary outcomes of interest included: type and number of vaccines required for school entry, vaccines recommended by schools for students, and vaccines supplied through student health services. Covariates of interest included: school type, region, school size, mention of American College Health Association recommendations, presence of an accredited health center, mention of state requirements, presence of an enforcement strategy, and exemption stringency of the state in which the school was located.
Almost all (94%) schools required at least one vaccine for school entry, and 48% required three or more vaccines. The most commonly required vaccines were measles, mumps, and rubella (88.4%) and meningococcal vaccine (51.9%). All schools required the same vaccines included in state requirements but 65% also required additional vaccines. Most schools (67.1%) used registration hold to enforce requirements, while 14.8% restricted students from campus housing and 2.8% dismissed noncompliant students. Seventeen percent of schools had no published enforcement strategies. A higher proportion of private compared to public universities required three or more vaccines (57% vs. 37.3%, p = .014).
While most schools have immunization requirements, there is significant variation in number and type of vaccines required. This suggests potential inconsistent uptake of recommended vaccines for college students and underlies the need to characterize facilitators and barriers to immunization program implementation on college campuses.
评估美国四年制学院和大学在疫苗要求、建议和执行策略方面的差异。
我们进行了一项横断面研究，从全美 50 个州和哥伦比亚特区的 216 所四年制学院和大学的网站中提取信息作为样本。我们感兴趣的主要结果包括：学校入学所需的疫苗类型和数量、学校推荐给学生的疫苗以及学生健康服务提供的疫苗。感兴趣的协变量包括：学校类型、地区、学校规模、提及美国大学健康协会建议、是否有认可的健康中心、提及州要求、是否有执行策略以及学校所在州的豁免严格程度。
几乎所有（94%）学校都要求至少接种一种疫苗才能入学，48%的学校要求接种三种或更多疫苗。最常要求接种的疫苗是麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹（88.4%）和脑膜炎球菌疫苗（51.9%）。所有学校都要求接种州要求中包含的相同疫苗，但 65%的学校还要求接种其他疫苗。大多数学校（67.1%）使用注册保留来执行要求，而 14.8%的学校限制学生住校，2.8%的学校开除不遵守规定的学生。17%的学校没有公布执行策略。与公立大学相比，私立大学要求接种三种或更多疫苗的比例更高（57%比 37.3%，p=0.014）。
尽管大多数学校都有免疫要求，但所需疫苗的数量和类型存在很大差异。这表明大学生接种推荐疫苗的情况可能不一致，这凸显了在大学校园描述免疫接种计划实施的促进因素和障碍的必要性。
