Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Sci Rep. 2018 Sep 20;8(1):14099. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32502-2.
There is an ongoing debate why a trait like human menopause should have evolved. Adaptive explanations explain menopause with fitness benefits of ceasing reproduction, whereas non-adaptive explanations view it as an epiphenomenon. Here we present data in support of non-adaptive explanations of menopause suggesting a maximum shelf-life of oocytes. By analyzing the association between lifespan and age at reproductive senescence across 49 mammal species, we find that the positive association levels off in long lived species, indicating that the age at reproductive senescence has an upper limit. Only in baleen whales there seems to be no evidence for reproductive senescence. We suggest that apart from the baleen whales, the confinement of reproductive senescence in long-lived species may be the result of physiological constraints imposed by the long period of time oocytes remain inactive in an arrested phase of meiosis from their production in utero until ovulation. We therefore conclude that menopause may be an implication of the long duration of meiotic arrest caused by semelgametogenesis together with long lifespan.
关于人类绝经这一特征为何会进化,一直存在争议。适应性解释认为绝经是停止生殖的好处,而非适应性解释则认为它是一种偶然现象。在这里,我们提供的数据支持绝经的非适应性解释,表明卵母细胞有最大的保质期。通过分析 49 种哺乳动物的寿命与生殖衰老年龄之间的关联,我们发现,在长寿物种中,这种正相关关系趋于平稳,这表明生殖衰老的年龄有一个上限。只有在须鲸中,似乎没有生殖衰老的证据。我们认为,除了须鲸之外,生殖衰老的局限可能是由于卵母细胞在减数分裂的停滞期从子宫内产生到排卵期间长时间不活跃所造成的生理限制所致。因此,我们得出结论,绝经可能是由于减数分裂停滞时间长,加上寿命长,导致的单配子发生所导致的。