Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Department of Public Health, Section for Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Am J Epidemiol. 2019 Jan 1;188(1):47-56. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy206.
Because early puberty has been linked to diseases later in life, identification of modifiable causes of early puberty is of interest. We explored the possible associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and pubertal development in sons and daughters. Between 2012 and 2017, 15,819 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, born during 2000-2003, provided half-yearly information on puberty from the age of 11 years. We estimated adjusted age differences (in months) at attaining various pubertal milestones, including Tanner stages, per 10 daily cigarettes smoked in the first trimester of gestation. In sons, exposure to smoking in utero was associated with earlier genital development (Tanner 2, -1.3 months, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.5, 0.0; Tanner 5, -3.7 months, 95% CI: -5.3, -2.0), pubic hair development (Tanner 2, -1.8 months, 95% CI: -2.9, -0.6; Tanner 5, -2.9 months, 95% CI: -4.2, -1.7), and voice break (-2.4 months, 95% CI: -3.6, -1.3). In daughters, maternal smoking was associated with earlier breast development (Tanner 2, -3.4 months, 95% CI: -5.3, -1.5; Tanner 5, -4.7 months, 95% CI: -6.5, -2.9), pubic hair development stages 3-5 (Tanner 5, -2.5 months, 95% CI: -4.1, -1.0), and menarche (-3.1 months, 95% CI: -4.0, -2.3). Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke might advance timing of puberty in boys and girls.
由于青春期提前与日后的疾病有关，因此识别青春期提前的可改变原因具有重要意义。我们探讨了母亲怀孕期间吸烟与子女青春期发育之间的可能关联。在 2012 年至 2017 年期间，来自丹麦全国出生队列的 15819 名儿童在 2000-2003 年期间出生，他们从 11 岁开始每半年报告一次青春期进展情况。我们估计了在孕早期每吸 10 支香烟，达到各种青春期发育里程碑（包括 Tanner 分期）的年龄差异（以月为单位）。在男孩中，宫内暴露于吸烟与生殖器发育较早有关（Tanner 2 期，提前 1.3 个月，95%置信区间（CI）：-2.5，0.0；Tanner 5 期，提前 3.7 个月，95%CI：-5.3，-2.0），阴毛发育（Tanner 2 期，提前 1.8 个月，95%CI：-2.9，-0.6；Tanner 5 期，提前 2.9 个月，95%CI：-4.2，-1.7）和变声（提前 2.4 个月，95%CI：-3.6，-1.3）。在女孩中，母亲吸烟与乳房发育较早有关（Tanner 2 期，提前 3.4 个月，95%CI：-5.3，-1.5；Tanner 5 期，提前 4.7 个月，95%CI：-6.5，-2.9），阴毛发育阶段 3-5（Tanner 5 期，提前 2.5 个月，95%CI：-4.1，-1.0）和初潮（提前 3.1 个月，95%CI：-4.0，-2.3）。胎儿暴露于烟草烟雾可能会使男孩和女孩的青春期提前。
