Two loci concurrent mutations in non-exclusion parentage cases using 19 STR profiles.

Two loci concurrent mutations in non-exclusion paternity case were reported based on 19 STR loci available from Goldeneye™ DNA ID System 20A (Peoplespot, Beijing, China). When 9508 family trios with Paternity index (PI) threshold of >10,000 was analyzed, 14 families show mutations at two loci. The paternity was confirmed by using an additional 19 STR markers. When the probability of occurrence of two mutations was compared with the expected probability deduced from binomial model, the observed mutational probability was significantly larger than the expectation. However, the characteristics of mutations agree with those reported previously. Our result indicates that larger samples is still need to estimate mutation rates accurately and reveal the relationship between mutations with multiple loci and the characterization of human mutations based on microsatellites.