Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 2):2446-2453. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.238. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
This study investigated the occurrence of 48 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater effluents from three Slovenian and three Croatian waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) representing the major inputs into the upper and middle course of the Sava River and simultaneously in the Sava River itself. Two sampling campaigns were carried out (May and July 2017). Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. In effluents, 23 CECs were >LOQ with caffeine and the UV-filter 4-hydroxybenzophenone (H-BP) present in the highest concentrations (<49,600 ng L and <28,900 ng L, respectively) and most frequently detected (detection frequency; DFr > 83.3%). Bisphenol B and E were detected for the first time in WW from Velika Gorica (May) and Zaprešić (July), respectively. In surface water (SW), 19 CECs were detected >LOQ with CAF again being the most abundant and most frequently detected (DFr = 92.9%). Bisphenols AP, CL2, P and Z were detected >LOQ for the first time in European SW. Active pharmaceutical ingredients naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac; the preservative methyl paraben; CAF and UV-filter HM-BP were the most abundant CECs in SW and WW. An increasing trend in the total CEC load downstream was observed, indicating the cumulative effects of individual sources along the river. The Croatian Zaprešić, Zagreb and Velika Gorica WWTP effluents contributed the most towards the enhanced loads of the CECs studied probably due to their size or insufficient treatment. HM-BP was the only compound found at a levels exhibiting high environmental risk (RQ = 1.13) downstream from Ljubljana and Domžale-Kamnik WWTPs. Other SW samples that contained HM-BP, ibuprofen (API) and/or benzyl paraben (preservative) posed a medium risk to the environment. The results suggest the need for further monitoring of CECs in the Sava River Basin.
本研究调查了来自斯洛文尼亚和克罗地亚的三个污水处理厂（WWTP）的废水流出物中 48 种新兴关注污染物（CEC）的发生情况，这些污水处理厂代表了萨瓦河上游和中游的主要输入，同时也是萨瓦河本身的主要输入。进行了两次采样活动（2017 年 5 月和 7 月）。使用固相萃取法提取样品，并通过气相色谱-质谱法进行分析。在废水中，有 23 种 CEC 的浓度超过了定量限（LOQ），其中咖啡因和紫外线滤光剂 4-羟基二苯甲酮（H-BP）的浓度最高（分别为<49600ng/L 和<28900ng/L），且检测频率最高（检测频率；DFr>83.3%）。双酚 B 和 E 分别于 5 月在 Velika Gorica 和 7 月在 Zaprešić 的 WW 中首次被检出。在地表水中（SW），有 19 种 CEC 的浓度超过了 LOQ，CAF 再次是最丰富和最常检测到的（DFr=92.9%）。双酚 AP、CL2、P 和 Z 首次在欧洲 SW 中被检测到超过 LOQ。活性药物成分萘普生、酮洛芬、卡马西平和双氯芬酸；防腐剂对羟基苯甲酸甲酯；CAF 和紫外线滤光剂 HM-BP 是 SW 和 WW 中最丰富的 CEC。观察到下游总 CEC 负荷呈上升趋势，表明沿河流的各个源的累积效应。克罗地亚的扎普雷希奇、萨格勒布和韦利卡戈拉的 WWTP 废水排放对所研究的 CEC 增强负荷的贡献最大，这可能是由于它们的规模或处理不足。HM-BP 是唯一一个在卢布尔雅那和多姆扎勒-卡姆尼克 WWTP 下游水平表现出高环境风险（RQ=1.13）的化合物。其他含有 HM-BP、布洛芬（API）和/或苯氧乙醇（防腐剂）的 SW 样品对环境构成中等风险。结果表明，需要进一步监测萨瓦河流域的 CEC。
