Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 8;13(10):e0197874. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197874. eCollection 2018.
Eating out of home (OH) is increasingly popular in Balkan countries, among them Albania. To date there is only anecdotal evidence regarding nutritional quality of food consumed OH and the contribution to diet. This study assessed intake of foods and drinks consumed OH and at home (AH), as well as their nutritional contribution to the daily diet of university students in Tirana, Albania. Using a single day Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) 24-hour dietary recall, we examined food intake among 289 students aged 18-24 years old, from three major universities in Albania. Contribution of eating OH to total energy intake per day, as well as to daily consumption of macronutrients by eating OH intensity tertiles were assessed. Foods and drinks consumed OH contributed 46.9% [95%CI:41.4-52.8] of total daily energy intake, representing, on average, 1169.1kcal [95%CI:1088.3-1249.9]. Sweets, soft drinks and meat products were more frequently consumed OH, while fruits and vegetables consumption was extremely low. The average quantity of sugars and dietary fats per day was higher AH, 76.9g [95%CI:70.3-83.5] and 173.7g [95%CI:163.2-184.2] respectively, compared to OH, 33.7g [95%CI:30.4-37.0] and 142.0g [95%CI:131.5-152.5] respectively. Dietary composition of AH intake was richer in sugars, total fats and proteins, while OH intake was richer in saturated fats. The overall diet appeared unhealthy, when nutrients were assessed as energy percentage against WHO proposed nutrient standards for sugar and saturated fats. Eating OH, even though was associated with lower fruits and vegetables intake, was not clearly associated with poor diet quality, as AH foods were also characterized by increased saturated fats and sugars intake as energy percentage. This study provides data on the first assessment of current dietary patterns of the studied population and can be used as baseline for designing and conducting future studies and interventions targeting malnutrition in all its forms.
外出就餐（OH）在巴尔干国家（包括阿尔巴尼亚）越来越流行。迄今为止，仅有关于 OH 食物营养质量和对饮食贡献的传闻证据。本研究评估了阿尔巴尼亚地拉那三所主要大学的 289 名 18-24 岁学生在 OH 和家中（AH）摄入的食物和饮料，以及它们对日常饮食的营养贡献。使用单一的 24 小时自动多次通过法（AMPM）饮食记录，我们检查了这些学生的食物摄入量。评估了 OH 对每天总能量摄入的贡献，以及根据 OH 摄入强度三分位的每日宏量营养素消耗。OH 消费的食物和饮料贡献了 46.9%[95%CI：41.4-52.8]的总日能量摄入，平均每天 1169.1kcal[95%CI：1088.3-1249.9]。甜食、软饮料和肉类产品更频繁地在 OH 消费，而水果和蔬菜的消费极低。与 OH 相比，每天的糖和膳食脂肪平均摄入量更高，分别为 76.9g[95%CI：70.3-83.5]和 173.7g[95%CI：163.2-184.2]，而在 OH 中，分别为 33.7g[95%CI：30.4-37.0]和 142.0g[95%CI：131.5-152.5]。AH 摄入的饮食组成在糖、总脂肪和蛋白质方面更为丰富，而 OH 摄入的饱和脂肪更为丰富。当根据世卫组织建议的糖和饱和脂肪营养标准，将营养素评估为能量百分比时，整体饮食显得不健康。尽管 OH 摄入与水果和蔬菜摄入量减少有关，但它与不良饮食质量并没有明显关联，因为 AH 食物的特点是饱和脂肪和糖的摄入量也增加了。本研究提供了关于研究人群当前饮食模式的首次评估数据，可以作为设计和开展针对各种形式营养不良的未来研究和干预的基线。
