Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
China Institute of Surveying and Mapping Science, Beijing 100830, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct 8;15(10):2192. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102192.
Increases in the extent and level of air pollution in Chinese cities have become a major concern of the public and burden on the government. While ample literature has focused on the status, changes and causes of air pollution (particularly on PM and PM), significantly less is known on their effects on people. In this study we used Hangzhou, China, as our testbed to assess the direct impact of PM on youth populations that are more vulnerable to pollution. We used the ground monitoring data of air quality and Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the spatiotemporal changes of PM by season in 2015. We further explored these distributions with land cover, population density and schools (kindergarten, primary school and middle school) to explore the potential impacts in seeking potential mitigation solutions. We found that the seasonal variation of PM concentration was winter > spring > autumn > summer. In Hangzhou, the percentage of land area exposed to PM > 50 µg m accounted for 59.86% in winter, 56.62% in spring, 40.44% in autumn and 0% in summer, whereas these figures for PM of <35 µg m were 70.01%, 5.28%, 5.17%, 4.16% in summer, winter, autumn and spring, respectively. As for land cover, forest experienced PM of 35⁻50 µg m (i.e., lower than those of other cover types), likely due to the potential filtering and absorption function of the forests. More importantly, a quantitative index based on population-weighted exposure level () indicated that only 9.06% of the population lived in areas that met the national air quality standards. Only 1.66% (14,055) of infants and juveniles lived in areas with PM of <35 µg m. Considering the legacy effects of PM over the long-term, we highly recommend improving the monitoring systems for both air quality and people (i.e., their health conditions), with special attention paid to infants and juveniles.
中国城市中空气污染程度和范围的增加已经成为公众关注的主要问题，也是政府的负担。尽管有大量文献关注空气污染的状况、变化和原因（特别是 PM 和 PM），但对其对人类的影响知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们以中国杭州为研究基地，评估 PM 对更容易受到污染影响的青年人群的直接影响。我们使用空气质量地面监测数据和中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）产品，按季节分析了 2015 年 PM 的时空变化。我们进一步通过土地覆盖、人口密度和学校（幼儿园、小学和中学）来探索这些分布，以探索在寻求潜在缓解解决方案时的潜在影响。我们发现，PM 浓度的季节性变化是冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。在杭州，暴露在 PM > 50 µg m 的土地面积比例在冬季占 59.86%，春季占 56.62%，秋季占 40.44%，夏季占 0%；而 PM < 35 µg m 的比例在夏季、冬季、秋季和春季分别为 70.01%、5.28%、5.17%和 4.16%。至于土地覆盖，森林经历了 PM 35⁻50 µg m（即低于其他覆盖类型），可能是由于森林的潜在过滤和吸收功能。更重要的是，基于人口加权暴露水平（）的定量指标表明，只有 9.06%的人口生活在符合国家空气质量标准的地区。只有 1.66%（14,055 人）的婴儿和青少年生活在 PM < 35 µg m 的地区。考虑到 PM 的长期遗留效应，我们强烈建议改善空气质量和人口（即他们的健康状况）监测系统，特别关注婴儿和青少年。
