Roex Karlijn L A, Rözer Jesper J
1Department of Sociology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Paulstr. 3, 50676 Cologne, Germany.
2Department of Sociology, Amsterdam University, Postbus 15508, 1001 NA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Soc Indic Res. 2018;139(3):1037-1064. doi: 10.1007/s11205-017-1723-0. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
Why are the unemployed particularly unhappy in some societies? According to the social norm theory of unemployment, the well-being of the non-employed is lower in countries with a strong social norm to work because of the greater stigma attached to unemployment. In this study, a social norm to work has been defined as the extent to which people expect others to work: do people think the unemployed should take any job they are offered, or should they have a right to refuse? The combined world and European values study and the European social survey were used to test the theory. Multilevel analyses show that-net of one's own norm and other measures of the social norm to work, such as one's personal work ethic-the well-being of unemployed men is lower in countries with a strong social norm to work, in particular that of the long-term unemployed. Overall, it appears that the social norm to work still weighs more heavily upon men than women.
为什么在某些社会中失业者会格外不开心？根据失业的社会规范理论，在那些存在强烈工作社会规范的国家，非就业者的幸福感较低，这是因为失业带来的污名化程度更高。在本研究中，工作社会规范被定义为人们期望他人工作的程度：人们是认为失业者应该接受提供给他们的任何工作，还是认为他们有权拒绝？结合世界价值观调查和欧洲社会调查来检验这一理论。多层次分析表明，在排除个人自身的规范以及工作社会规范的其他衡量指标（如个人职业道德）之后，在那些存在强烈工作社会规范的国家，失业男性的幸福感较低，长期失业者尤其如此。总体而言，工作社会规范对男性的影响似乎仍比对女性更为严重。
