Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2018 Nov 1;17(11):1573-1598. doi: 10.1039/c8pp00249e. Epub 2018 Oct 17.
Approximately 70% of the terrestrial area is covered with water, but only a small water fraction is compatible with terrestrial life forms. Due to the increment in human consumption, the need for water resources is increasing, and it is estimated that more than 40% of the population worldwide will face water stress/scarcity within the next few decades. Water recycling and reuse may offer the opportunity to expand water resources. For that, the wastewater treatment paradigm should be changed and adequately treated wastewater should be seen as a valuable resource instead of a waste product. It is easily understandable that the exact composition and constituent concentration of wastewater vary according to its different sources (industrial, agricultural, urban usage of water). Consequently, a variety of known and emerging pollutants like heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and endocrine disruptors have been found in natural water reservoirs, due to the limited effectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment. The conventional approach consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes, aiming at the removal of large sediments such as heavier solids, scum and grease and of organic content in order to avoid the growth of microorganisms and eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. However, this approach is not sufficient to reduce the chemical pollutants and much less the emerging chemical pollutants. In this review, after some considerations concerning chemical pollutants and the problematic efficiency of their removal by conventional methods, an update is presented on the successes and challenges of novel approaches for wastewater remediation based on advanced oxidation processes. An insight into wastewater remediation involving the photodynamic approach mediated by tetrapyrrolic derivatives will be underlined.
大约 70%的陆地表面被水覆盖，但只有一小部分水与陆地生命形式兼容。由于人类消费的增加，对水资源的需求正在增加，据估计，在未来几十年内，全球将有超过 40%的人口面临水资源短缺/匮乏的问题。水的再循环和再利用可能为扩大水资源提供机会。为此，废水处理模式应该改变，应将经过适当处理的废水视为有价值的资源，而不是废物。很容易理解，废水的确切组成和成分浓度根据其不同来源（工业、农业、城市用水）而有所不同。因此，由于传统废水处理的效果有限，在天然水库中发现了各种已知和新兴的污染物，如重金属、抗生素、农药、邻苯二甲酸酯、多环芳烃、卤代化合物和内分泌干扰物。传统方法包括物理、化学和生物过程的组合，旨在去除较大的沉淀物，如较重的固体、浮渣和油脂，以及有机物质，以避免微生物的生长和受纳水体的富营养化。然而，这种方法不足以减少化学污染物，更不用说新兴的化学污染物了。在这篇综述中，在对化学污染物及其通过传统方法去除的问题效率进行一些考虑之后，介绍了基于高级氧化工艺的新型废水修复方法的成功和挑战的最新情况。强调了涉及四吡咯衍生物介导的光动力方法的废水修复的研究进展。
