Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 15;651(Pt 2):2514-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.175. Epub 2018 Oct 13.
Over the last decades, traditional olive production has been converted to intensive and super-intensive cultivation systems, characterized by high plant density and irrigation. Although this conversion improves product quality and quantity, it requires a larger amount of energy input. The new contributions in this paper are, first, an analysis of the energy and environmental performance of two commercial-scale high peak-power hybrid photovoltaic irrigation systems (HPVIS) installed at intensive and super-intensive Mediterranean olive orchards; second, an analysis of PV hybrid solutions, comparing PV hybridization with the electric power grid and with diesel generators; and finally, a comparison of the environmental benefits of HPVIS with conventional power sources. Energy and environmental performances were assessed through energy and carbon payback times (EPBT and CPBT). The results show EPBT of 1.98 and 4.58 years and CPBT of 1.86 and 9.16 years for HPVIS in Morocco and Portugal, respectively. Moreover, the HPVIS were able to achieve low emission rates, corresponding to 48 and 103 g COe per kWh generated. The EPBT and CPBT obtained in this study were directly linked with the irrigation schedules of the olive orchards; therefore, weather conditions and irrigation management may modify the energy and environmental performances of HPVIS. The consumption of grid electricity and diesel fuel, before and after the implementation of HPVIS, was also analyzed. The results obtained show fossil energy savings of 67% for the Moroccan farm and 41% for the Portuguese installation. These savings suggest that the energy produced by HPVIS in olive orchards will avoid the emissions of a large amount of greenhouse gas and the exploitation of natural resources associated with fossil fuel production.
在过去的几十年里，传统的橄榄生产已经转变为密集和超密集的种植系统，其特点是高密度种植和灌溉。虽然这种转化提高了产品的质量和数量，但它需要更多的能源投入。本文的新贡献有三个方面：首先，分析了安装在密集和超密集的地中海橄榄园中两个商业规模的高峰值功率混合光伏灌溉系统（HPVIS）的能源和环境性能；其次，分析了光伏混合解决方案，比较了光伏混合与电网和柴油发电机的混合；最后，比较了 HPVIS 与常规电源的环境效益。通过能源和碳回报期（EPBT 和 CPBT）评估了能源和环境性能。结果表明，摩洛哥和葡萄牙的 HPVIS 的 EPBT 分别为 1.98 年和 4.58 年，CPBT 分别为 1.86 年和 9.16 年。此外，HPVIS 能够实现低排放率，相当于每千瓦时产生 48 和 103 克 COe。本研究中获得的 EPBT 和 CPBT 与橄榄园的灌溉计划直接相关；因此，天气条件和灌溉管理可能会改变 HPVIS 的能源和环境性能。还分析了在实施 HPVIS 前后电网电力和柴油燃料的消耗情况。结果表明，摩洛哥农场的化石能源节约了 67%，葡萄牙装置的节约了 41%。这些节约表明，HPVIS 在橄榄园中产生的能源将避免与化石燃料生产相关的大量温室气体排放和自然资源的开发。
