Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 22;13(10):e0205364. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205364. eCollection 2018.
Animal-induced galls are considered extended phenotypes of their inducers, and therefore plant morphogenesis and metabolism may vary according to the species of gall inducers. The alterations in vacuolar and apoplastic polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence rates, PSII quantum yield, and phospholipid peroxidation were studied in galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda) on Miconia albicans and M. ibaguensis (Melastomataceae), and by an unidentified Eriophyidae (Acarina) on M. ibaguensis. The focus currently addressed is gall metabolism as the extended phenotype of the gall inducers, and the neglected determination of gall functionalities over host plant peculiarities. Galls induced by D. gallaeformans on M. albicans and by the Eriophyidae on M. ibaguensis have increased accumulation of apoplastic and vacuolar phenolics, which is related to the control of phospholipid peroxidation and photoprotection. The galls induced by D. gallaeformans on M. ibaguensis have higher carotenoid and vacuolar polyphenol contents, which are related to excessive sunlight energy dissipation as heat, and photoprotection. Accordingly, antioxidant strategies varied according to the gall-inducing species and to the host plant species. The distinctive investments in carotenoid and/or in polyphenol concentrations in the studied galls seemed to be peculiar mechanisms to maintain oxidative homeostasis. These mechanisms were determined both by the stimuli of the gall-inducing organism and by the intrinsic physiological features of the host plant species. Therefore, the roles of both associated organisms in host plant-galling organisms systems over gall metabolism is attested.
动物诱导的瘿瘤被认为是其诱导物的扩展表型，因此植物形态发生和代谢可能会根据诱导物的瘿瘤种类而有所不同。研究了由 Ditylenchus gallaeformans（线虫）在 Miconia albicans 和 M. ibaguensis（Melastomataceae）上诱导的瘿瘤以及未鉴定的 Eriophyidae（蜱螨目）在 M. ibaguensis 上诱导的瘿瘤中液泡和质外体多酚、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素荧光率、PSII 量子产量和磷脂过氧化的变化。目前的重点是将瘿瘤代谢作为瘿瘤诱导物的扩展表型，以及忽视了对宿主植物特性的瘿瘤功能的确定。由 D. gallaeformans 在 M. albicans 上诱导的瘿瘤和由 Eriophyidae 在 M. ibaguensis 上诱导的瘿瘤中积累了更多的质外体和液泡多酚，这与控制磷脂过氧化和光保护有关。由 D. gallaeformans 在 M. ibaguensis 上诱导的瘿瘤具有更高的类胡萝卜素和液泡多酚含量，这与过量的阳光能量以热量形式耗散和光保护有关。因此，抗氧化策略根据诱导瘿瘤的物种和宿主植物物种而有所不同。在研究的瘿瘤中，类胡萝卜素和/或多酚浓度的独特投资似乎是维持氧化平衡的特有机制。这些机制既取决于诱导物的刺激，也取决于宿主植物物种的内在生理特征。因此，相关生物在宿主植物-致瘿生物系统中对瘿瘤代谢的作用得到了证实。
