Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 25;13(10):e0204665. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204665. eCollection 2018.
Stress is proven to have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Due to different tasks and study designs, the direct consequences of acute stress have been found to be wide-reaching: while some studies report prosocial effects, others report increases in antisocial behavior, still others report no effect. To control for specific effects of different stressors and to consider the role of social anxiety in stress-related social behavior, we investigated the effects of social versus physical stress on behavior in male participants possessing different levels of social anxiety. In a randomized, controlled two by two design we investigated the impact of social and physical stress on behavior in healthy young men. We found significant influences on various subjective increases in stress by physical and social stress, but no interaction effect. Cortisol was significantly increased by physical stress, and the heart rate was modulated by physical and social stress as well as their combination. Social anxiety modulated the subjective stress response but not the cortisol or heart rate response. With respect to behavior, our results show that social and physical stress interacted to modulate trust, trustworthiness, and sharing. While social stress and physical stress alone reduced prosocial behavior, a combination of the two stressor modalities could restore prosociality. Social stress alone reduced nonsocial risk behavior regardless of physical stress. Social anxiety was associated with higher subjective stress responses and higher levels of trust. As a consequence, future studies will need to investigate further various stressors and clarify their effects on social behavior in health and social anxiety disorders.
压力被证明对身心健康有不利影响。由于任务和研究设计的不同，急性压力的直接后果是广泛的：一些研究报告了亲社会的影响，而另一些研究报告了反社会行为的增加，还有一些研究报告则没有影响。为了控制不同应激源的特定影响，并考虑社交焦虑在应激相关社交行为中的作用，我们调查了社会应激和身体应激对具有不同社交焦虑水平的男性参与者行为的影响。在一项随机对照的两因素设计中，我们调查了社会和身体应激对健康年轻男性行为的影响。我们发现身体和社会应激对各种主观压力增加有显著影响，但没有交互作用。身体应激显著增加了皮质醇，而心率则受到身体和社会应激以及它们的组合的调节。社交焦虑调节了主观应激反应，但不调节皮质醇或心率反应。就行为而言，我们的结果表明，社会和身体应激相互作用调节信任、诚信和分享。虽然社会和身体应激单独降低了亲社会行为，但两种应激源模式的结合可以恢复亲社会行为。单独的社会应激无论是否存在身体应激，都会减少非社会性风险行为。社交焦虑与更高的主观应激反应和更高的信任水平有关。因此，未来的研究将需要进一步调查各种应激源，并阐明它们对健康和社交焦虑障碍中社交行为的影响。
