Pino-Otín Ma Rosa, Ballestero Diego, Navarro Enrique, González-Coloma Azucena, Val Jonatan, Mainar Ana M
Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain.
Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2019 Feb;216:131-146. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.071. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Biopesticides are increasingly being used to replace synthetic pesticides for pest control. This change raises concern for its environmental impacts, especially on non-target organisms. In this study, the ecotoxicological effects of a potential nematicide from Spanish populations of Artemisia absinthium (var. Candial) were evaluated on freshwater and aquatic non-target organisms. The study focused on the aqueous extract (hydrolate), the principal component of which ((-) -(Z) -2,6-dimethylocta-5,7-diene-2,3-diol) is responsible for its nematicidal effect. Until now, the hydrolate has been considered a byproduct of the process used to obtain essential oils, and there are no studies on its ecotoxicity from any plant with biopesticide properties. Our results indicated that A. absinthium hydrolate caused acute toxicity for non-target organisms at dilutions as low as 0.2%. The sensitivity of the organisms, from the most to the least sensitive, was: Daphnia magna (LC = 0,236%) > Vibrio fisheri (LC = 1,85%) > Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (LC = 16,49). Moreover, the A. absinthium organic extract was highly toxic to D. magna (LC = 0,093 mg/L). A. absinthium hydrolate toxicity was also tested on a natural river microbial community. Bacterial growth was not affected; the physiology of the community was only slightly modified, namely through an increased ability to degrade different substrates, mainly carbohydrates. This study provides for the first time an exhaustive assessment of the environmental exposure of a plant-derived biopesticide and shows that these products may cause a broad range of toxicity on non-target aquatic organisms.
生物农药正越来越多地被用于替代合成农药来防治害虫。这种变化引发了人们对其环境影响的担忧，尤其是对非靶标生物的影响。在本研究中，评估了来自西班牙苦艾（Candial变种）种群的一种潜在杀线虫剂对淡水和水生非靶标生物的生态毒理学效应。该研究聚焦于水提取物（纯露），其主要成分（（-）-（Z）-2,6-二甲基-5,7-辛二烯-2,3-二醇）具有杀线虫作用。到目前为止，纯露一直被认为是获取香精油过程中的副产品，且尚无关于任何具有生物农药特性的植物的纯露生态毒性的研究。我们的结果表明，苦艾纯露在低至0.2%的稀释度下就会对非靶标生物造成急性毒性。这些生物的敏感性从高到低依次为：大型溞（LC = 0.236%）＞费氏弧菌（LC = 1.85%）＞莱茵衣藻（LC = 16.49%）。此外，苦艾有机提取物对大型溞具有高毒性（LC = 0.093 mg/L）。还对天然河流微生物群落测试了苦艾纯露的毒性。细菌生长未受影响；群落的生理机能仅略有改变，即主要通过降解不同底物（主要是碳水化合物）的能力增强。本研究首次对一种植物源生物农药的环境暴露进行了详尽评估，并表明这些产品可能对非靶标水生生物造成广泛的毒性。
