Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Front Immunol. 2018 Oct 12;9:2349. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02349. eCollection 2018.
Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish chronic infections is the targeting of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the inflammasome. Given the critical role of these receptors and their intracellular pathways in regulating innate inflammatory responses, and also directing adaptive immunity toward Th1 and Th2 responses, recognition of the pathways triggered and/or modulated by helminths and their products will provide detailed insights about how helminths are able to establish an immunoregulatory environment. However, helminths also target PRRs-independent mechanisms (and most likely other yet unknown mechanisms and pathways) underpinning the battery of different molecules helminths produce. Herein, the current knowledge on intracellular pathways in antigen presenting cells activated by helminth-derived biomolecules is reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of helminth-derived vesicles as a less-appreciated components released during infection, their role in activating these host intracellular pathways, and their implication in the development of new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory diseases and the possibility of designing a new generation of vaccines.
寄生虫是操纵宿主免疫反应的大师，它们使用一系列复杂的机制。使寄生虫能够建立慢性感染的主要机制之一是针对模式识别受体（PRR），包括 Toll 样受体、C 型凝集素受体和炎性小体。鉴于这些受体及其细胞内途径在调节先天炎症反应以及指导适应性免疫向 Th1 和 Th2 反应方面的关键作用，识别寄生虫及其产物触发和/或调节的途径将提供有关寄生虫如何建立免疫调节环境的详细信息。然而，寄生虫还针对 PRR 独立的机制（很可能还有其他未知的机制和途径），这些机制是寄生虫产生的各种不同分子的基础。本文综述了寄生虫衍生生物分子激活抗原呈递细胞的细胞内途径的最新知识。此外，我们还讨论了寄生虫衍生小泡作为感染过程中释放的一种不太被重视的成分的重要性，它们在激活这些宿主细胞内途径中的作用，以及它们在炎症性疾病新治疗方法的开发中的意义，以及设计新一代疫苗的可能性。
