Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
J Orthop Res. 2019 Jan;37(1):35-50. doi: 10.1002/jor.24170. Epub 2018 Nov 30.
The biology of bone healing is a rapidly developing science. Advances in transgenic and gene-targeted mice have enabled tissue and cell-specific investigations of skeletal regeneration. As an example, only recently has it been recognized that chondrocytes convert to osteoblasts during healing bone, and only several years prior, seminal publications reported definitively that the primary tissues contributing bone forming cells during regeneration were the periosteum and endosteum. While genetically modified animals offer incredible insights into the temporal and spatial importance of various gene products, the complexity and rapidity of healing-coupled with the heterogeneity of animal models-renders studies of regenerative biology challenging. Herein, cells that play a key role in bone healing will be reviewed and extracellular mediators regulating their behavior discussed. We will focus on recent studies that explore novel roles of inflammation in bone healing, and the origins and fates of various cells in the fracture environment. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
骨愈合生物学是一门快速发展的科学。转基因和基因靶向小鼠的进步使骨骼再生的组织和细胞特异性研究成为可能。例如，直到最近才认识到软骨细胞在骨愈合过程中转化为成骨细胞，而就在几年前，开创性的出版物明确报道，在再生过程中形成骨细胞的主要组织是骨膜和骨内膜。虽然转基因动物为研究各种基因产物的时间和空间重要性提供了令人难以置信的见解，但愈合的复杂性和快速性以及动物模型的异质性使得再生生物学的研究具有挑战性。本文将对在骨愈合中起关键作用的细胞进行综述，并讨论调节其行为的细胞外介质。我们将重点介绍最近的研究，这些研究探索了炎症在骨愈合中的新作用，以及骨折环境中各种细胞的起源和命运。版权所有©2018 矫形研究协会。由 Wiley Periodicals，Inc. 出版。J 矫形研究。
