Volume Dynamics of Dendritic Spines in the Neocortex of Wild-Type and KO Mice.

Excitatory synapses are often formed at small protrusions of dendrite, called dendritic spines, in most projection neurons, and the spine-head volumes show strong correlations with synaptic connectivity. We examined the dynamics of spine volume in the adult mouse visual cortex using time-lapse two-photon imaging with a resonant Galvano scanner. Contrary to expectations, we found that the spines in the adult neocortex showed fluctuations to a similar degree as that observed in young hippocampal preparations, but there were systematic differences in how the dynamics were dependent on spine volumes, thus allowing for fewer fluctuations in small spines, which could account for the relatively low turnover rates of neocortical spines . We found that spine volumes fluctuated to a greater extent in a mouse model ( knockout) of fragile X mental retardation than in wild-type mice, and the spine turnover rates were also higher in knock-out mice. Such features of spine dynamics in knock-out mice could be represented by a single slope factor in our model. Our data and model indicate a small but significant change in the average spine volume and more eminent differences in the statistical distribution in knock-out mice even in adulthood, which reflects the abnormal dynamics of spine volumes.