Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Chest. 2019 Feb;155(2):417-426. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.041. Epub 2018 Nov 9.
Although air pollution is well known to be harmful to the lung and airways, it can also damage most other organ systems of the body. It is estimated that about 500,000 lung cancer deaths and 1.6 million COPD deaths can be attributed to air pollution, but air pollution may also account for 19% of all cardiovascular deaths and 21% of all stroke deaths. Air pollution has been linked to other malignancies, such as bladder cancer and childhood leukemia. Lung development in childhood is stymied with exposure to air pollutants, and poor lung development in children predicts lung impairment in adults. Air pollution is associated with reduced cognitive function and increased risk of dementia. Particulate matter in the air (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) is associated with delayed psychomotor development and lower child intelligence. Studies link air pollution with diabetes mellitus prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Pollution affects the immune system and is associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic sensitization, and autoimmunity. It is also associated with osteoporosis and bone fractures, conjunctivitis, dry eye disease, blepharitis, inflammatory bowel disease, increased intravascular coagulation, and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Atopic and urticarial skin disease, acne, and skin aging are linked to air pollution. Air pollution is controllable and, therefore, many of these adverse health effects can be prevented.
虽然空气污染对肺部和呼吸道有害已广为人知，但它也可能损害身体的大多数其他器官系统。据估计，约有 50 万例肺癌死亡和 160 万例 COPD 死亡可归因于空气污染，但空气污染也可能导致 19%的心血管疾病死亡和 21%的中风死亡。空气污染与膀胱癌和儿童白血病等其他恶性肿瘤有关。儿童在接触空气污染物时肺部发育受阻，儿童肺部发育不良预示着成年后肺部受损。空气污染与认知功能下降和痴呆风险增加有关。空气中的颗粒物（空气动力学直径<2.5μm 的颗粒物）与精神运动发育迟缓以及儿童智力下降有关。研究表明，空气污染与糖尿病的患病率、发病率和死亡率有关。污染会影响免疫系统，并与过敏性鼻炎、过敏致敏和自身免疫有关。它还与骨质疏松症和骨折、结膜炎、干眼症、睑缘炎、炎症性肠病、血管内凝血增加和肾小球滤过率降低有关。特应性皮炎和荨麻疹性皮肤病、痤疮和皮肤老化与空气污染有关。空气污染是可控的，因此，许多这些不良健康影响是可以预防的。
