Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(1):84-93. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1514486. Epub 2018 Nov 13.
Despite high energy content, nut consumption has not been associated with weight gain in epidemiological and clinical investigations. Since a satiety effect a decreased sense of hunger in the following meals has been proposed as the mechanism of nuts against obesity, the present meta-analysis was performed to examine how nut consumption affects "energy intake", "hunger", and "fullness". "Weight" was not included among the search terms but weight data were extracted from the collected articles in order to help interpreting the results. A total of 1048 trials were found, of which 31 passed the eligibility process. Daily energy intake was mostly assessed by 3-day food records, and hunger and fullness were estimated by visual analog scale (VAS). Nut consumption was associated with increased energy intake (mean difference (MD) (nuts - control) = 76.3 kcal; 95% CI: 22.7, 130 kcal; = 0.005). In contrast, hunger suppressed following nut consumption (MD = -6.54 mm VAS; 95% CI: -12.7, -0.42 mm VAS; = 0.03). Nuts did not affect sense of fullness and weight in the overall estimate. Subgroup analysis based on participants' BMI revealed that energy intake of overweight/obese individuals was increased following nut consumption while such effect was not observed in normal weight participants. In conclusion, pooled estimates of available clinical trials showed increased energy intake following nut consumption in overweight/obese individuals but not in persons with normal weight. Nut consumption was associated with decreased hunger but no effect was observed on fullness and weight.
尽管坚果的能量含量很高，但在流行病学和临床研究中，坚果的摄入与体重增加无关。由于饱腹感（即随后几餐饥饿感降低）被认为是坚果预防肥胖的机制，因此进行了本次荟萃分析，以检验坚果的摄入如何影响“能量摄入”、“饥饿感”和“饱腹感”。“体重”并未包含在检索词中，但从收集的文章中提取了体重数据，以帮助解释结果。共发现 1048 项试验，其中 31 项符合入选标准。每日能量摄入主要通过 3 天的食物记录进行评估，而饥饿感和饱腹感则通过视觉模拟量表（VAS）进行评估。坚果的摄入与能量摄入的增加有关（坚果与对照的平均差异（MD）=76.3 kcal；95%CI：22.7，130 kcal； = 0.005）。相比之下，食用坚果后饥饿感会降低（MD=-6.54 mm VAS；95%CI：-12.7，-0.42 mm VAS； = 0.03）。坚果对总体饱腹感和体重没有影响。基于参与者 BMI 的亚组分析显示，超重/肥胖人群食用坚果后能量摄入增加，而正常体重人群则未观察到这种影响。总之，现有临床试验的汇总估计显示，超重/肥胖人群食用坚果后能量摄入增加，但正常体重人群则无此效果。坚果的摄入与饥饿感的降低有关，但对饱腹感和体重没有影响。
