The Bartholin Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Nutrients. 2018 Nov 13;10(11):1746. doi: 10.3390/nu10111746.
Gluten seems a potentially important determinant in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intake of gluten, a major component of wheat, rye, and barley, affects the microbiota and increases the intestinal permeability. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that gluten peptides, after crossing the intestinal barrier, lead to a more inflammatory milieu. Gluten peptides enter the pancreas where they affect the morphology and might induce beta-cell stress by enhancing glucose- and palmitate-stimulated insulin secretion. Interestingly, animal studies and a human study have demonstrated that a gluten-free (GF) diet during pregnancy reduces the risk of T1D. Evidence regarding the role of a GF diet in T2D is less clear. Some studies have linked intake of a GF diet to reduced obesity and T2D and suggested a role in reducing leptin- and insulin-resistance and increasing beta-cell volume. The current knowledge indicates that gluten, among many environmental factors, may be an aetiopathogenic factors for development of T1D and T2D. However, human intervention trials are needed to confirm this and the proposed mechanisms.
麸质似乎是 1 型糖尿病 (T1D) 和 2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 的一个潜在重要决定因素。摄入麸质，即小麦、黑麦和大麦的主要成分，会影响微生物群并增加肠道通透性。此外，研究表明，穿过肠道屏障的麸质肽会导致更具炎症性的环境。麸质肽进入胰腺，影响其形态，并通过增强葡萄糖和棕榈酸刺激的胰岛素分泌来诱导β细胞应激。有趣的是，动物研究和一项人类研究表明，怀孕期间的无麸质 (GF) 饮食可降低 T1D 的风险。关于 GF 饮食在 T2D 中的作用的证据尚不明确。一些研究将 GF 饮食的摄入与肥胖和 T2D 的减少联系起来，并表明其在降低瘦素和胰岛素抵抗以及增加β细胞体积方面发挥作用。目前的知识表明，麸质可能是导致 1 型和 2 型糖尿病发生的一种病因。然而，需要进行人体干预试验来证实这一点和提出的机制。
