Ophardt Hygiene-Technik GmbH Co. KG, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Stantec Consulting Ltd., Ontario, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Feb;245:472-484. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.012. Epub 2018 Nov 12.
Crude oil and its constituents can have adverse effects on ecological and human health when released into the environment. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) has developed remedial guidelines and a risk assessment framework for both ecological and human exposure to PHC. One of the assumptions used in the derivation of these guidelines is that plants are unable to take up PHC from contaminated soil and therefore subsequent exposure at higher trophic levels is not a concern. However, various studies suggest that plants are indeed able to take up PHC into their tissues. Consumption of plants is a potential exposure pathway in both ecological (e.g., herbivorous and omnivorous birds, and mammals) and human health risk assessments. If plants can uptake PHC, then the current approach for risk assessment of PHC may underestimate exposures to ecological and human receptors. The present review aims to assess whether or not plants are capable of PHC uptake and accumulation. Twenty-one articles were deemed relevant to the study objective and form the basis of this review. Of the 21 primary research articles, 19 reported detectable PHC and/or its constituents in plant tissues. All but five of the 21 articles were published after the publication of the CCME Canada-Wide Standards. Overall, the present literature review provides some evidence of uptake of PHC and its constituents into plant tissues. Various plant species, including some edible plants, were shown to take up PHC from contaminated soil and aqueous media in both laboratory and field studies. Based on the findings of this review, it is recommended that the soil-plant-wildlife/human pathway should be considered in risk assessments to avoid underestimating exposure and subsequent toxicological risks to humans and wildlife.
当原油及其成分释放到环境中时，会对生态和人类健康产生不利影响。加拿大环境部长理事会（CCME）已经为生态和人类接触 PH C 制定了补救指南和风险评估框架。在推导这些指南时使用的一个假设是，植物无法从受污染的土壤中吸收 PH C，因此食物链更高营养级别的后续暴露不是问题。然而，各种研究表明，植物确实能够将 PH C 吸收到其组织中。在生态（例如，草食性和杂食性鸟类以及哺乳动物）和人类健康风险评估中，食用植物是一种潜在的暴露途径。如果植物能够吸收 PH C，那么目前对 PH C 的风险评估方法可能会低估生态和人类受体的暴露。本综述旨在评估植物是否能够吸收和积累 PH C。有 21 篇文章被认为与研究目标相关，并构成了本综述的基础。在 21 篇主要研究文章中，有 19 篇报告了植物组织中可检测到的 PH C 和/或其成分。在这 21 篇文章中，除了 5 篇外，其余的都是在 CCME 加拿大-全国标准发布后发表的。总的来说，目前的文献综述提供了一些证据表明 PH C 和其成分被植物组织吸收和积累。各种植物物种，包括一些食用植物，在实验室和野外研究中都被证明能够从受污染的土壤和水介质中吸收 PH C。基于本综述的发现，建议在风险评估中考虑土壤-植物-野生动物/人类途径，以避免低估暴露及其对人类和野生动物的毒理学风险。
