Oxygenic photosynthesis: EPR study of photosynthetic electron transport and oxygen-exchange, an overview.

In this review, we consider the applications of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods to the study of the relationships between the electron transport and oxygen-exchange processes in photosynthetic systems of oxygenic type. One of the purposes of this article is to encourage scientists to use the advantageous EPR oximetry approaches to study oxygen-related electron transport processes in photosynthetic systems. The structural organization of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain and the EPR approaches to the measurements of molecular oxygen (O) with O-sensitive species (nitroxide spin labels and solid paramagnetic particles) are briefly reviewed. In solution, the collision of O with spin probes causes the broadening of their EPR spectra and the reduction of their spin-lattice relaxation times. Based on these effects, tools for measuring O concentration and O diffusion in biological systems have been developed. These methods, named "spin-label oximetry," include not only nitroxide spin labels, but also other stable-free radicals with narrow EPR lines, as well as particulate probes with EPR spectra sensitive to molecular oxygen (lithium phthalocyanine, coals, and India ink). Applications of EPR approaches for measuring O evolution and consumption are illustrated using examples of photosynthetic systems of oxygenic type, chloroplasts in situ (green leaves), and cyanobacteria.