Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America.
Gas and Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77840, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 15;651(Pt 2):2749-2761. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.363. Epub 2018 Oct 10.
A wide variety of water sources, treatment methods, and recycling options have created a myriad of water management options. For modeling of sustainable water treatment options, computationally efficient models may be required. This paper provides a comprehensive and comparative review of the water management systems and the associated economic, environmental, and performance metrics. The water management systems are represented as a network of sources, users, technologies, recycling options, and quality of water. Special attention is given to desalination systems. The two main technology categories currently used for desalination are thermal (e.g., Multistage Flash "MSF", Multi-Effect Distillation "MED", and Mechanical Vapor Compression "MVC") and membrane (e.g., seawater reverse osmosis "SWRO", brackish water reverse osmosis "BWRO"). The cost assessment includes a capital cost comparison (for which regression analysis has been used to account for the non-linear nature of the capacity-cost curves), an operating cost comparison, which includes energy requirements, labor costs, chemicals used, maintenance and repair costs, membrane replacement costs and a unit product cost ($/m) breakdown, which combines the capital and operating costs. Numerous data were collected for the cost of desalination systems. Statistical methods were then used to analyze these collected data to establish deeper understanding of the relationship to capital cost, operating cost, capacity, constraints due to treatment method capabilities, requirements of the users. The paper also briefly discusses other cost considerations such as the water intake and distribution costs. The environmental impacts (concentrate disposal and CO footprint) have also been compared for the various technologies considered. Some integration strategies such as use of hybrid systems, cogeneration plants and use of renewable energy have shown reductions in cost associated due to energy consumption and thereby, reducing the unit product cost. Finally, the paper provides a selection guide suitable for various situations with consideration of the different factors affecting cost, environmental impact and energy demands.
各种水源、处理方法和回收选项创造了无数的水管理选择。对于可持续水处理选项的建模，可能需要计算效率高的模型。本文全面比较了水管理系统以及相关的经济、环境和性能指标。水管理系统表示为水源、用户、技术、回收选项和水质的网络。特别关注海水淡化系统。目前用于海水淡化的两种主要技术类别是热法（例如多级闪蒸“MSF”、多效蒸馏“MED”和机械蒸汽压缩“MVC”）和膜法（例如反渗透海水淡化“SWRO”、反渗透苦咸水淡化“BWRO”）。成本评估包括资本成本比较（为此使用回归分析来考虑容量成本曲线的非线性性质）、运营成本比较，其中包括能源需求、劳动力成本、使用的化学品、维护和修理成本、膜更换成本以及产品单价（$/m）分解，该分解将资本和运营成本结合在一起。收集了大量海水淡化系统成本数据。然后使用统计方法分析这些收集的数据，以更深入地了解与资本成本、运营成本、容量、处理方法能力限制、用户要求相关的关系。本文还简要讨论了其他成本考虑因素，例如取水和分配成本。还比较了各种考虑技术的环境影响（浓缩物处置和 CO 足迹）。一些集成策略，如使用混合系统、热电联产厂和使用可再生能源，由于能源消耗减少，从而降低了与能源消耗相关的成本，从而降低了产品单价。最后，本文提供了一个适合各种情况的选择指南，同时考虑了影响成本、环境影响和能源需求的各种因素。
