National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
Hum Exp Toxicol. 2019 Mar;38(3):269-279. doi: 10.1177/0960327118814161. Epub 2018 Nov 25.
This review covers nearly 100 years of studies on the toxicity of fluoride on human and animal kidneys. These studies reveal that there are direct adverse effects on the kidneys by excess fluoride, leading to kidney damage and dysfunction. With the exception of the pineal gland, the kidney is exposed to higher concentrations of fluoride than all other soft tissues. Therefore, exposure to higher concentrations of fluoride could contribute to kidney damage, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among major adverse effects on the kidneys from excessive consumption of fluoride are immediate effects on the tubular area of the kidneys, inhibiting the tubular reabsorption; changes in urinary ion excretion by the kidneys disruption of collagen biosynthesis in the body, causing damages to the kidneys and other organs; and inhibition of kidney enzymes, affecting the functioning of enzyme pathways. This review proposes that there is a direct correlation between CKD and the consumption of excess amounts of fluoride. Studies particularly show immediate adverse effects on the tubular area of human and animal kidneys leading to CKD due to the consumption of excess fluoride. Therefore, it is very important to conduct more investigations on toxicity studies of excess fluoride on the human kidney, including experiments using human kidney enzymes, to study more in depth the impact of excess fluoride on the human kidney. Further, the interference of excess fluoride on collagen synthesis in human body and its effect on human kidney should also be further investigated.
这篇综述涵盖了近 100 年来关于氟化物对人类和动物肾脏毒性的研究。这些研究表明，过量的氟化物对肾脏有直接的不良影响，导致肾脏损伤和功能障碍。除了松果体外，肾脏暴露于氟化物的浓度比所有其他软组织都高。因此，接触较高浓度的氟化物可能会导致肾脏损伤，最终导致慢性肾脏病（CKD）。过量摄入氟化物对肾脏的主要不良影响之一是立即影响肾脏的管状区域，抑制肾小管重吸收；肾脏尿液离子排泄的变化，破坏体内胶原生物合成，导致肾脏和其他器官损伤；以及抑制肾脏酶，影响酶途径的功能。本综述提出，CKD 与过量氟化物的摄入之间存在直接关联。研究特别表明，由于过量氟化物的摄入，人类和动物肾脏的管状区域会立即受到不良影响，导致 CKD。因此，非常有必要对人类肾脏中过量氟化物的毒性进行更多研究，包括使用人类肾脏酶的实验，以更深入地研究过量氟化物对人类肾脏的影响。此外，还应进一步研究过量氟化物对人体胶原合成的干扰及其对人肾脏的影响。
