Black K G, Fenske R A
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Nov;31(4):563-70. doi: 10.1007/BF00212441.
Residential use of pesticides has increased substantially in the United States over the past twenty years. Contact with pesticide-treated turf may result in dermal exposures, particularly among children. This study evaluated wipe sampling and foliar wash techniques to measure chlorpyrifos on turf following insecticidal treatments with Dursban 4E. Residues of the fluorescent tracer Uvitex OB were also measured as part of a larger study adapting video imaging analysis to children's exposure to pesticides. The wipe technique recovered an average of 0.50 microgram/cm2 of chlorpyrifos, or 1.5% of the initial deposit, and an average of 0.21 microgram/cm2 of tracer, or 6.1% of the initial deposit, from bluegrass turf 1-3 hours after application. The foliar wash technique recovered significantly more chlorpyrifos and tracer (1.3 micrograms/cm2, or 4.0% and 0.36 microgram/cm2, or 10.5%, respectively). The resulting chlorpyrifos/tracer ratio was also significantly greater for the foliar wash technique (4.6) than for the wipe sampling technique (2.6). Variability associated with each technique was similar. Chlorpyrifos dissipation on irrigated and non-irrigated plots was evaluated through collection of wipe and foliar wash samples at six time intervals over a 48 h period. Wipe technique results indicated that irrigated residues were significantly lower than non-irrigated during the first 6.5 h post-application; foliar wash residues were significantly lower on the irrigated plot during the first 3.5 h post-application. No effect of irrigation on dislodgeability of chlorpyrifos residues was observed after 24 h. The findings indicate that foliar wash sampling removes larger amounts of chlorpyrifos and fluorescent tracer residues from turf than wipe sampling, and would therefore produce higher estimates of potential exposure among children if used as a turf contact-transfer factor. They also demonstrate that foliar was sampling produces a higher relative transfer factor for video imaging analysis of skin exposure than does wipe sampling. Wipe sampling was found to be far simpler than foliar wash sampling in regard to both sample collection and analysis. Further investigations are required to determine the accuracy of these two techniques in estimating transfer of pesticides from turf to skin.
在过去二十年中，美国农药在住宅中的使用量大幅增加。接触经过农药处理的草皮可能会导致皮肤接触农药，尤其是儿童。本研究评估了擦拭采样和叶面冲洗技术，以测量在使用敌敌畏4E进行杀虫处理后草皮上的毒死蜱含量。作为将视频成像分析应用于儿童农药暴露研究的一部分，还测量了荧光示踪剂Uvitex OB的残留量。在施用后1至3小时，擦拭技术从蓝草皮中平均回收了0.50微克/平方厘米的毒死蜱，占初始沉积量的1.5%，以及平均0.21微克/平方厘米的示踪剂，占初始沉积量的6.1%。叶面冲洗技术回收的毒死蜱和示踪剂明显更多（分别为1.3微克/平方厘米，占4.0%和0.36微克/平方厘米，占10.5%）。叶面冲洗技术得到的毒死蜱/示踪剂比率（4.6）也明显高于擦拭采样技术（2.6）。与每种技术相关的变异性相似。通过在48小时内的六个时间间隔收集擦拭和叶面冲洗样品，评估了灌溉地块和非灌溉地块上毒死蜱的消散情况。擦拭技术结果表明，在施用后的前6.5小时内，灌溉地块上的残留量明显低于非灌溉地块；在施用后的前3.5小时内，灌溉地块上的叶面冲洗残留量明显较低。24小时后未观察到灌溉对毒死蜱残留量的可去除性有影响。研究结果表明，叶面冲洗采样比擦拭采样能从草皮中去除更多的毒死蜱和荧光示踪剂残留量，因此，如果用作草皮接触转移因子，将对儿童潜在暴露产生更高的估计值。研究还表明，对于皮肤暴露的视频成像分析，叶面冲洗采样产生的相对转移因子比擦拭采样更高。在样品采集和分析方面，发现擦拭采样比叶面冲洗采样要简单得多。需要进一步调查以确定这两种技术在估计农药从草皮转移到皮肤方面的准确性。
