College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America.
The Donia Human Rights Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2018 Dec 3;13(12):e0208241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208241. eCollection 2018.
How are evaluative reactions pertaining post-national citizenship identities interrelated and what are the potential mechanisms how post-national identities evolve? Previous efforts to operationalize and measure post-national citizenship identities leave it open how people's stances on different issues are related and suffer from a variety of theoretical and methodological shortcomings regarding the nature of political attitudes and ideologies. A recently proposed approach conceptualizes ideologies as networks of causally connected evaluative reactions to individual issues. Individual evaluative reactions form the nodes in a network model, and these nodes can influence each other via linked edges, thereby giving rise to a dynamic thoughts system of networked political and identity-related views. To examine this system at large, we apply network analysis to data from the European Values Study. Specifically, we investigate 33 evaluative reactions regarding national and supra-national identity, diversity, global empathy, global environmentalism, immigration, and supra-national politics. The results reveal a strongly connected network of citizenship identity-related attitudes. A community analysis reveals larger clusters of strongly related evaluative reactions, which are connected via bridges and hub nodes. Centrality analysis identifies evaluative reactions that are strategically positioned in the network, and network simulations indicate that persuasion attempts targeted at such nodes have greater potential to influence the larger citizenship identity than changes of more peripheral attitude nodes. We lastly show that socio-demographic characteristics are not only associated with the overall level of post-national citizenship, but also with the network structure, suggesting that these structural differences can affect the network function as people develop national or post-national citizenship identities, or respond to external events. These results provide new insights into the structure of post-national identities and the mechanism how post-national identities might evolve. We end with a discussion of future opportunities to study networked attitudes in the context of civic and citizenship education.
如何将后民族公民身份的评价反应联系起来，以及后民族身份是如何演变的？ 先前将后民族公民身份操作和测量的努力使得人们在不同问题上的立场如何相关的问题悬而未决，并且在政治态度和意识形态的性质方面存在各种理论和方法上的缺陷。最近提出的一种方法将意识形态概念化为对个人问题的因果相关评价反应的网络。个人评价反应构成网络模型中的节点，并且这些节点可以通过链接边缘相互影响，从而产生具有网络政治和身份相关观点的动态思想系统。为了全面研究这个系统，我们将网络分析应用于欧洲价值观研究的数据。具体来说，我们调查了 33 种关于民族和超民族身份、多样性、全球同理心、全球环保主义、移民和超国家政治的评价反应。结果显示出强烈关联的公民身份相关态度网络。社区分析揭示了具有强烈相关评价反应的更大集群，这些集群通过桥梁和中心节点相互连接。中心性分析确定了网络中具有战略地位的评价反应，网络模拟表明，针对这些节点的说服尝试比改变更外围的态度节点更有可能影响更大的公民身份认同。最后，我们还表明，社会人口特征不仅与后民族公民身份的整体水平相关，而且与网络结构相关，这表明这些结构差异可能会影响人们发展民族或后民族公民身份或对外部事件做出反应时的网络功能。这些结果为后民族身份的结构和后民族身份可能演变的机制提供了新的见解。最后，我们讨论了在公民和公民教育背景下研究网络态度的未来机会。
