School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Chemosphere. 2019 Mar;218:836-844. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.150. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
With the phasing out of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used and further detected in multiple environmental media. However, municipal landfill leachates, an important source of contamination of OPFRs to aquatic environment, have not been fully understood, especially in a developing country like China. Thus, the occurrence, aqueous removal efficiency, environmental emission, and risk assessment of 10 OPFRs were investigated in leachates from six municipal landfills across China. The results indicated that except triethyl phosphate (TEP), the remaining 9 OPFRs were detected in both raw and final leachates with different frequencies higher than 33.3%. The range of total concentrations of OPFRs (ΣOPFRs) across China was 29.0-437 and 0.652-32.4 μg L in raw and final leachates, respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was the dominant species and accounted for 78.5% and 85.8% of average ΣOPFR concentration in raw and final leachates, respectively. This may be because TCEP is the most prevalently used OPFR in China. The overall aqueous removal efficiency of ΣOPFRs across China ranged from 57.7% to 99.8%. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was the most removed species (98.8%), whereas TCEP was the least removed species (91.5%). The annual emissions of ΣOPFRs discharged into the aquatic environment from municipal landfills across China were estimated to be between 170 and 7094 g. Further risk assessment based on risk quotient values in the final leachates showed that most OPFRs posed negligible risk except TCEP (medium and high risk) and tributyl phosphate (medium risk).
随着溴系阻燃剂的逐步淘汰，有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）得到了广泛的应用，并在多种环境介质中进一步检测到。然而，作为 OPFRs 对水生环境污染的重要来源之一，城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液尚未得到充分的了解，特别是在中国这样的发展中国家。因此，本研究调查了中国六个城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液中 10 种 OPFRs 的发生情况、水相去除效率、环境排放和风险评估。结果表明，除三乙磷酸酯（TEP）外，其余 9 种 OPFRs 在原渗滤液和终渗滤液中均有不同频率的检出，检出率均高于 33.3%。中国范围内原渗滤液和终渗滤液中 OPFRs 总量（ΣOPFRs）的浓度范围分别为 29.0-437 和 0.652-32.4μg/L。三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）是主要的物质，占原渗滤液和终渗滤液中平均 ΣOPFR 浓度的 78.5%和 85.8%。这可能是因为 TCEP 是中国最普遍使用的 OPFR。中国范围内 ΣOPFRs 的整体水相去除效率在 57.7%-99.8%之间。三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯是去除率最高的物质（98.8%），而 TCEP 是去除率最低的物质（91.5%）。估计中国城市垃圾填埋场排放到水生环境中的 ΣOPFRs 年排放量在 170 到 7094 g 之间。基于终渗滤液中风险商值的进一步风险评估表明，除 TCEP（中高风险）和磷酸三丁酯（中风险）外，大多数 OPFRs 风险可以忽略不计。
