Gastroparesis and Functional Dyspepsia: A Blurring Distinction of Pathophysiology and Treatment.

Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia are 2 of the most common gastric neuromuscular disorders. These disorders are usually confused, having both similarities and differences. The pathophysiology of these disorders involves abnormal gastric motility, visceral hypersensitivity, mucosal inflammation, and various cellular changes. Both disorders have similar symptoms such as epigastric pain or discomfort, early satiety, and bloating. If patients suspected of having either gastroparesis or functional dyspepsia present with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, they should undergo upper endoscopy to exclude an alternative organic cause. Although the gastric emptying rate is frequently assessed during the clinical workup of patients with gastroparesis or functional dyspepsia, the correlation between gastric emptying and the symptoms is generally poor. Once the diagnosis of gastroparesis or functional dyspepsia is made, treatment should focus on the predominant symptom. Recently, various treatment modalities have been developed and validated. Prokinetic agents are generally used as treatment for both gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Acid-suppressive therapy, eradication, and use of drugs that enhance gastric accommodation are employed for functional dyspepsia. Psychoactive drugs are also effective in symptom control. For gastroparesis, antiemetic agents, ghrelin receptor agonists, and serotonergic agents are used aside from prokinetic agents. Acupuncture and gastric electrical stimulation can be attempted. In severe cases, endoscopic and surgical interventions are considered for symptom control.