Horowitz-Kraus Tzipi, Brunst Kelly J, Cecil Kim M
Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering - Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technicon - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Nov 23;12:466. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00466. eCollection 2018.
Children with dyslexia exhibit slow and inaccurate reading, as well as problems in executive functions. Decreased signal activation in brain regions related to visual processing and executive functions has been observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging with reports of sex differences in brain patterns for visual processing regions. However, the underlying neurochemistry associated with deficits in executive functions for children with dyslexia has not been thoroughly evaluated. Reading ability and executive functions were assessed in fifty-three children [ages 8-12 years old, dyslexia ( = 24), and typical readers ( = 30)]. We employed short echo, single voxel, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Pearson correlations were calculated between metabolite concentrations and measures of reading, processing speed, and executive function. Logistic regression models were used to determine the effects of brain metabolite concentrations, processing speed, and reading scores on dyslexia status. Differences by child's sex were also examined. Compared to typical readers, higher global executive composite t-score is associated with greater odds for dyslexia (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05, 1.23); increased processing speed appears to be protective for dyslexia (OR 0.95; 95% 0.89-1.00). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, females with dyslexia showed strong and significant negative correlations between processing speed and myo-inositol ( = -0.55, = 0.005) and choline ( = -0.54, = 0.005) concentrations; effect modification by sex was confirmed in linear regression models (p = 0.0006) and (p = 0.01). These associations were not observed for males or the group as a whole. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia share difficulty in one or more areas of executive function, specifically those related to response time. Also, metabolite changes in the ACC may be present in children with dyslexia, especially for females, and may hold value as possible markers for dyslexia.
患有阅读障碍的儿童表现出阅读速度慢且不准确，以及执行功能方面的问题。通过功能磁共振成像观察到，与视觉处理和执行功能相关的脑区信号激活减少，并且有报告称视觉处理区域的脑模式存在性别差异。然而，与阅读障碍儿童执行功能缺陷相关的潜在神经化学尚未得到全面评估。对53名儿童（年龄8 - 12岁，阅读障碍儿童24名，正常阅读儿童30名）的阅读能力和执行功能进行了评估。我们采用短回波、单体素、质子磁共振波谱来评估膝周前扣带回皮质（ACC）。计算了代谢物浓度与阅读、处理速度和执行功能测量值之间的Pearson相关性。使用逻辑回归模型来确定脑代谢物浓度、处理速度和阅读分数对阅读障碍状态的影响。还研究了儿童性别的差异。与正常阅读儿童相比，较高的整体执行综合t分数与阅读障碍的可能性更大相关（OR 1.14；95% CI 1.05，1.23）；处理速度加快似乎对阅读障碍有保护作用（OR 0.95；95% 0.89 - 1.00）。在对多重比较进行校正后，患有阅读障碍的女性在处理速度与肌醇（r = -0.55，p = 0.005）和胆碱（r = -0.54，p = 0.005）浓度之间表现出强烈且显著的负相关；线性回归模型证实了性别对效应的修饰作用（p = 0.0006）和（p = 0.01）。在男性或整个组中未观察到这些关联。这些发现表明，患有阅读障碍的儿童在执行功能的一个或多个领域存在困难，特别是那些与反应时间相关的领域。此外，阅读障碍儿童的ACC中可能存在代谢物变化，尤其是女性，并且可能作为阅读障碍的潜在标志物具有价值。
