Tydeman-Edwards Reinette, Van Rooyen Francois Cornel, Walsh Corinna May
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
Heliyon. 2018 Dec 1;4(12):e00983. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00983. eCollection 2018 Dec.
This study compared the diet and anthropometric status of adults (25-64 years) in rural and urban South Africa. Anthropometric status of adults and preschool children (<7 years old) from the same households were also determined. A descriptive cross-sectional design was applied. All adults from three towns in the rural southern Free State (n = 553) and a stratified proportional cluster sample from urban Mangaung (n = 419) participated. Anthropometric assessments included body mass index and waist circumference. Trained students administered a qualitative food frequency questionnaire in a structured interview with each participant to assess frequency of consumption of foods. The 35 foods that were included were chosen as a measure of protection or predisposition to obesity and non-communicable diseases. The height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height of 60 rural and 116 urban children were also assessed. Sugar was the most frequently consumed food item, eaten at least twice per day by all groups. Cooked porridge was the most frequently consumed starchy food (range 47.3-53.2 times a month), followed by bread, consumed at a mean frequency of 20 or more times per month in all groups. Tea was the most frequently consumed fluid (used at least once a day by all). Salt and/or stock was used more than once a day, while margarine, oil and other fats were consumed at least once per day. Fruit and vegetables were consumed at a mean frequency of less than once a day, while milk was consumed less than once daily in urban participants and once per day in rural participants. Chicken or eggs were the most frequently consumed protein-rich food (approximately 10 times per month). Overweight/obesity was identified in 65.6% rural and 66.2% urban women. Fewer men (23.3% rural and 16.0% urban) were overweight/obese. More than 66% of stunted, underweight and wasted children lived with an overweight/obese caregiver. Daily consumption of sugar, salt and fats and inadequate frequency of consumption of vegetables, fruits and milk was confirmed in both rural and urban participants. In addition, a double burden of malnutrition was evident.
本研究比较了南非农村和城市地区成年人（25 - 64岁）的饮食和人体测量状况。还测定了来自同一家庭的成年人及学龄前儿童（<7岁）的人体测量状况。采用了描述性横断面设计。来自自由邦南部农村三个城镇的所有成年人（n = 553）以及来自城市曼冈的分层比例整群样本（n = 419）参与了研究。人体测量评估包括体重指数和腰围。经过培训的学生在对每位参与者进行结构化访谈时，使用定性食物频率问卷来评估食物的消费频率。所纳入的35种食物被选作衡量肥胖和非传染性疾病的保护或易感性指标。还评估了60名农村儿童和116名城市儿童的年龄别身高、年龄别体重和身高别体重。糖是最常食用的食物，所有群体每天至少食用两次。煮麦片粥是最常食用的淀粉类食物（每月食用次数范围为47.3 - 53.2次），其次是面包，所有群体每月平均食用次数为20次或更多。茶是最常饮用的饮品（所有人每天至少饮用一次）。盐和/或汤料每天使用不止一次，而人造黄油、油和其他脂肪每天至少食用一次。水果和蔬菜的平均食用频率不到每天一次，城市参与者中牛奶的食用频率不到每天一次，农村参与者中牛奶的食用频率为每天一次。鸡肉或鸡蛋是最常食用的富含蛋白质的食物（每月约10次）。农村65.6%的女性和城市66.2%的女性被认定为超重/肥胖。超重/肥胖的男性较少（农村为23.3%，城市为16.0%）。超过66%发育迟缓、体重不足和消瘦的儿童与超重/肥胖的照料者生活在一起。农村和城市参与者均证实存在每日糖、盐和脂肪摄入量高以及蔬菜、水果和牛奶食用频率不足的情况。此外，营养不良的双重负担很明显。
