Darpp-32 and t-Darpp protein products of PPP1R1B: Old dogs with new tricks.

The PPP1R1B gene is located on chromosome 17q12 (39,626,208-39,636,626[GRCh38/hg38]), which codes for multiple transcripts and two experimentally-documented proteins Darpp-32 and t-Darpp. Darpp-32 (Dopamine and cAMP Regulated Phosphoprotein), discovered in the early 1980s, is a protein whose phosphorylation is upregulated in response to cAMP in dopamine-responsive tissues in the brain. It's phosphorylation profile modulates its ability to bind and inhibit Protein Phosphatase 1 activity, which, in turn, controls the activity of hundreds of phosphorylated proteins. PPP1R1B knockout mice exhibit subtle learning defects. In 2002, the second protein product of PPP1R1B was discovered in gastric cancers: t-Darpp (truncated Darpp-32). The start codon of t-Darpp is amino acid residue 37 of Darpp-32 and it lacks the domain responsible for modulating Protein Phosphatase 1. Aside from gastric cancers, t-Darpp and/or Darpp-32 is overexpressed in tumor cells from breast, colon, esophagus, lung and prostate tissues. More than one research team has demonstrated that these proteins, through mechanisms that to date remain cloudy, activate AKT, a protein whose phosphorylation leads to cell survival and blocks apoptosis. Furthermore, in Her2 positive breast cancers (an aggressive form of breast cancer), t-Darpp/Darpp-32 overexpression causes resistance to the frequently-administered anti-Her2 drug, trastuzumab (Herceptin), likely through AKT activation. Here we briefly describe how Darpp-32 and t-Darpp were discovered and report on the current state of knowledge of their involvement in cancers. We present a case for the development of an anti-t-Darpp therapeutic agent and outline the unique challenges this endeavor will likely encounter.