Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Anorectal Physiology Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
J Pediatr Urol. 2019 Apr;15(2):164.e1-164.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Nov 8.
The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) defines urinary incontinence (UI) as 'involuntary leakage of urine' [1], a condition that can have a negative impact on a child's life. Although UI is common among children, the reported prevalences worldwide vary. Regarding children in the Netherlands, only a few studies report on the prevalence of UI and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs).
The aim was to investigate the prevalence of episodes of UI and other LUTSs along with associated 'risk factors' in children in the Netherlands.
In a cross-sectional study, 240 children (8- to 17-year-olds) were included, who completed the Groningen Pediatric Defecation and Fecal Continence Questionnaire. UI was defined in accordance with the ICCS's definition of involuntary leakage of urine. To define a timeframe of episodes of UI, the situation during the past 6 months was specifically asked. The other LUTSs included were intermittency, straining, urinary tract infections, nocturia, and frequency.
The prevalence of episodes of UI in the total group was 21.7%. Girls experienced UI significantly more often than boys (30.1% versus 14.2%, P = 0.003). Prevalence did not differ between the 8- to 12-year-olds and the 13- to 17-year-olds. The most prevalent form of UI was stress UI (8.8%). After excluding six children with a medical history that could influence bladder function, UI in 20.9% of the remaining 'healthy' children was found. Intermittency was experienced by 18.3% of the children, and 15% strained during micturition. Univariate analysis showed that the presence of straining, intermittency, nocturia, or fecal incontinence was significantly associated with UI.
Of the children studied, episodes of UI occurred in 21.7%, and the condition did not decrease with age. It was found that UI is not limited to 'sick' children because it occurred in 20.9% of the 'healthy' subgroup. Although children with urge UI in daily practice were mainly seen, in this study, it was found that on average, stress UI was the most common form of UI among Dutch children. The prevalence of other LUTSs was also high, with intermittency and straining as the most frequent symptoms (18.3% and 15.0%, respectively). Intermittency and straining are significantly associated with UI, as are nightly nocturia and fecal incontinence.
Episodes of UI and other LUTSs are common conditions among children in the Netherlands, even in the 'healthy' group. It is important that medical practitioners are aware of these phenomena, and they should be alert to the associated symptoms as they may be considered as 'risk factors'.
国际儿童尿控协会（ICCS）将尿失禁（UI）定义为“尿液的不自主泄漏”[1]，这是一种会对儿童生活产生负面影响的疾病。尽管 UI 在儿童中很常见，但全球报道的患病率却有所不同。关于荷兰的儿童，只有少数研究报告了 UI 和其他下尿路症状（LUTS）的患病率。
本研究旨在调查荷兰儿童 UI 发作和其他 LUTS 以及相关“风险因素”的患病率。
在一项横断面研究中，纳入了 240 名（8-17 岁）儿童，他们完成了格罗宁根小儿排便和粪便控制问卷。UI 按照 ICCS 对尿液不自主泄漏的定义进行定义。为了定义 UI 发作的时间范围，特别询问了过去 6 个月的情况。其他 LUTS 包括间歇性、用力、尿路感染、夜尿症和频率。
总人群中 UI 发作的患病率为 21.7%。女孩患 UI 的频率明显高于男孩（30.1%比 14.2%，P=0.003）。8-12 岁和 13-17 岁之间的患病率没有差异。最常见的 UI 形式是压力性 UI（8.8%）。排除 6 名有影响膀胱功能病史的儿童后，在其余“健康”儿童中发现 20.9%患有 UI。18.3%的儿童有间歇性症状，15%的儿童在排尿时用力。单变量分析显示，用力、间歇性、夜尿症或粪便失禁的存在与 UI 显著相关。
在所研究的儿童中，21.7%出现 UI 发作，且该疾病随年龄增长而不减少。研究发现，UI 不仅限于“患病”儿童，因为在“健康”亚组中有 20.9%的儿童患有 UI。尽管在日常实践中主要看到有急迫性 UI 的儿童，但在本研究中发现，平均而言，压力性 UI 是荷兰儿童中最常见的 UI 形式。其他 LUTS 的患病率也很高，间歇性和用力是最常见的症状（分别为 18.3%和 15.0%）。间歇性和用力与 UI 显著相关，夜间夜尿症和粪便失禁也是如此。
UI 和其他 LUTS 是荷兰儿童的常见疾病，即使在“健康”组中也是如此。重要的是，医务人员应意识到这些现象，并应警惕相关症状，因为它们可能被视为“风险因素”。
