Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 Feb;177:20-26. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.008. Epub 2018 Dec 22.
Risky decision-making is characteristic of drug users, but little is known about the effects of circumstances, such as abstinence, on risky choice behavior in human drug users. We hypothesized that cocaine users would make more risky choices for cocaine (defined as taking a chance to receive a large number of cocaine doses as opposed to choosing to receive a fixed amount of cocaine) after 3 or 7 days of cocaine abstinence, compared to 1 day of cocaine abstinence. Six male nontreatment-seeking current cocaine smokers were enrolled in a 21-day inpatient within-subject study. Participants repeatedly smoked six 25 mg doses of cocaine during a training session and were instructed that they would be making decisions about smoking this dose throughout the study. After 1, 3 and 7 days of cocaine abstinence, participants completed a computerized task in which they repeatedly decided between receiving a guaranteed number of cocaine doses (between 1 and 5; fixed option) or receiving a chance (0.13 to 0.75) to smoke a larger number of cocaine doses (probabilistic option). After completing the computerized task, one of the participants' choices was randomly implemented and they smoked either the fixed number of cocaine doses or had the specified chance to smoke the greater number of doses. Contrary to our hypothesis, 5 of the 6 participants made fewer risky choices after 3 and 7 days of cocaine abstinence compared to one day of abstinence suggesting greater risk-aversion. Thus, even during cocaine abstinence cocaine users make rational decisions related to their drug use.
冒险决策是吸毒者的特征，但人们对环境（例如戒断）对人类吸毒者冒险选择行为的影响知之甚少。我们假设，与一天的戒断相比，在可卡因戒断 3 或 7 天后，可卡因使用者在可卡因方面会做出更多冒险的选择（定义为冒险接受大量可卡因剂量，而不是选择接受固定数量的可卡因）。六名未接受治疗的男性当前可卡因吸食者参加了一项为期 21 天的住院内个体研究。参与者在培训期间反复吸食六剂 25 毫克的可卡因，并被告知在整个研究过程中他们将对吸食该剂量做出决定。在可卡因戒断 1、3 和 7 天后，参与者完成了一项计算机化任务，在该任务中，他们反复在接受一定数量的可卡因剂量（1 到 5 剂；固定选项）或接受更大数量的可卡因剂量（概率选项）的机会之间做出选择。在完成计算机任务后，参与者的一个选择被随机执行，他们要么吸食固定数量的可卡因剂量，要么有指定的机会吸食更多剂量的可卡因。与我们的假设相反，6 名参与者中的 5 名在可卡因戒断 3 天和 7 天后做出的冒险选择比一天的戒断要少，这表明他们的风险规避意识更强。因此，即使在可卡因戒断期间，可卡因使用者也会对与他们的吸毒有关的决策做出理性的选择。
