Burggren W W
Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003-0027.
Experientia. 1988 Dec 1;44(11-12):919-30. doi: 10.1007/BF01939885.
In very few instances can the cardiovascular systems of adult 'lower' vertebrates serve as direct models for development in 'higher' vertebrates, primarily because numerous evolutionary specializations for preferential distribution of cardiac output between systemic tissues and gas exchange organs occur in the highly derived circulation of most extant lower vertebrates. Yet, the extensive literature on the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology of aquatic and air breathing fishes, amphibians and reptiles offers important conceptual insights into both patterns and mechanisms of development in birds and mammals. The primary contribution of such studies to the student of developing bird and mammal circulations is the clear demonstration that surprisingly complex hemodynamic function can develop from supposedly 'simple' cardiovascular systems typified by incompletely divided heart chambers. Thus, the hemodynamics of embryonic bird and mammal circulations should be determined by measurement, rather than inferred from structure.
在极少数情况下，成年“低等”脊椎动物的心血管系统可作为“高等”脊椎动物发育的直接模型，主要是因为在大多数现存低等脊椎动物高度特化的循环系统中，存在许多用于在全身组织和气体交换器官之间优先分配心输出量的进化特化特征。然而，关于水生和空气呼吸鱼类、两栖动物和爬行动物的心血管解剖学和生理学的大量文献，为鸟类和哺乳动物的发育模式和机制提供了重要的概念性见解。此类研究对研究鸟类和哺乳动物发育中循环系统的学生的主要贡献在于，清楚地证明了令人惊讶的复杂血液动力学功能可以从以不完全分隔的心腔为典型特征的所谓“简单”心血管系统发展而来。因此，胚胎期鸟类和哺乳动物循环系统的血液动力学应该通过测量来确定，而不是从结构推断。
