3-D Flow Reconstruction Using Divergence-Free Interpolation of Multiple 2-D Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Particle Imaging Velocimetry Measurements.

Quantification of 3-D intravascular flow is valuable for studying arterial wall diseases but currently there is a lack of effective clinical tools for this purpose. Divergence-free interpolation (DFI) using radial basis function (RBF) is an emerging approach for full-field flow reconstruction using experimental sparse flow field samples. Previous DFI reconstructs full-field flow from scattered 3-D velocity input obtained using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging with low temporal resolution. In this study, a new DFI algorithm is proposed to reconstruct full-field flow from scattered 2-D in-plane velocity vectors obtained using ultrafast contrast-enhanced ultrasound (>1000 fps) and particle imaging velocimetry. The full 3-D flow field is represented by a sum of weighted divergence-free RBFs in space. Because the acquired velocity vectors are only in 2-D and hence the problem is ill-conditioned, a regularized solution of the RBF weighting is achieved through singular value decomposition (SVD) and the L-curve method. The effectiveness of the algorithm is determined via numerical experiments for Poiseuille flow and helical flow with added noise, and it is found that an accuracy as high as 95.6% can be achieved for Poiseuille flow (with 5% input noise). Experimental feasibility is also determined by reconstructing full-field 3-D flow from experimental 2-D ultrasound image velocimetry measurements in a carotid bifurcation phantom. The method is typically faster for a range of problems compared with computational fluid dynamics, and has been found to be effective for the three flow cases.