Lis Dana M, Kings Daniel, Larson-Meyer D Enette
1 University of California, Davis.
2 Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):236-245. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0309. Epub 2019 Feb 6.
Some track-and-field athletes implement special diets aiming to improve health and/or performance. An evidence-based approach to any diet is recommended to minimize the risks associated with unnecessary dietary restriction, which may potentially do more harm than good. Four prevalent diets are reviewed in this study: (a) gluten-free; (b) low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP); (c) vegetarian; and (d) fasting diets. Recently, gluten-free diets and low FODMAP diets have emerged as novel regimes thought to improve gastrointestinal health and reduce the risk of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. No direct beneficial outcomes have been associated with avoiding gluten for clinically healthy athletes. Indirectly, a gluten-free diet is associated with other dietary changes, particularly FODMAP reduction, which may improve adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Vegetarian diets can optimally support athletic demands. However, attention is required to ensure adequate energy and intake of specific nutrients that are less abundant or less well absorbed from plant sources. Finally, fasting is a long-standing concept that is undertaken on a voluntary and obligatory basis. Despite limited supporting research, voluntary fasting is a popular alternative to conventional diets perceptually offering health and body composition benefits. Strict obligatory fasting guidelines likely require the implementation of tailored nutrition strategies to help athletes cope with athletic demands. Overall, a multitude of factors influence adherence to special diets. Even when adherence to a special diet is a necessity, education and advice from an accredited dietitian/nutritionist are recommended for track-and-field athletes to optimize nutrition for health and performance.
一些田径运动员采用特殊饮食以改善健康状况和/或提高运动表现。建议采用基于证据的饮食方法，以尽量减少因不必要的饮食限制带来的风险，这种限制可能弊大于利。本研究回顾了四种流行的饮食方式：（a）无麸质饮食；（b）低可发酵寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇（FODMAP）饮食；（c）素食饮食；以及（d）禁食饮食。最近，无麸质饮食和低FODMAP饮食已成为新的饮食方式，被认为可改善胃肠道健康并降低运动相关胃肠道症状的风险。对于临床健康的运动员，避免食用麸质并没有直接的有益效果。间接而言，无麸质饮食与其他饮食变化相关，尤其是FODMAP的减少，这可能改善不良胃肠道症状。素食饮食可以最佳地支持运动需求。然而，需要注意确保从植物性食物来源中获取充足的能量以及特定营养素的摄入，这些营养素在植物性食物中含量较少或吸收较差。最后，禁食是一个长期存在的概念，分为自愿禁食和强制禁食。尽管支持性研究有限，但自愿禁食是一种广受欢迎的替代传统饮食的方式，在人们的认知中具有有益健康和改善身体成分的作用。严格的强制禁食指南可能需要实施量身定制的营养策略，以帮助运动员应对运动需求。总体而言，多种因素影响对特殊饮食的坚持。即使坚持特殊饮食是必要的，也建议田径运动员向认可的营养师/营养学家寻求教育和建议，以优化营养，促进健康和提高运动表现。
