Killian Lauren A, Muir Jane G, Barrett Jacqueline S, Burd Nicholas A, Lee Soo-Yeun
Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Front Nutr. 2021 Apr 20;8:637160. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.637160. eCollection 2021.
Endurance athletes commonly experience lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous research on the restriction of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP), a diet-based mitigation strategy initially developed for IBS, has shown promise for application in athlete populations. Athlete's dietary strategies surrounding exercise have not been formally assessed in relation to FODMAP content of foods or sports nutrition products. Additionally, the FODMAP content of athlete's habitual diets has not been examined in larger sample sizes. This research aims to investigate the FODMAP content of endurance athlete diets by examining these three areas, in conjunction with GI symptoms. Dietary habits surrounding exercise and GI symptoms were examined in 430 endurance athletes using a previously validated Endurance Athlete Questionnaire. A subset of athletes ( = 73) completed a FODMAP-specific food frequency questionnaire for habitual intake. The most commonly reported sports nutrition products were analyzed for FODMAP content using standardized analytical methods. Mean habitual intakes were compared to previous FODMAP studies and medians were compared between those with and without lower GI symptoms. Athletes commonly consumed high FODMAP foods during pre-race dinners and breakfasts, with over 60% reporting specific high FODMAP foods. More frequent nutrition product use, particularly solid, gel/gummy, and homemade products, was often related to increased frequency of GI symptoms. Of the sixteen commonly used sports nutrition products tested, seven were high FODMAP in one serving. All but one of the remaining products became high FODMAP when consumed in multiple servings, as is likely the case during endurance exercise. Average habitual FODMAP intake was 26.1 g (±15.9 g), similar to intakes classified as high FODMAP in previous research on FODMAPs and IBS or GI symptoms. Only 15.1% of athletes consumed a diet that would be considered low in FODMAP. Exploratory analyses showed higher intake of some FODMAP types among athletes exhibiting various lower GI symptoms. Overall, this study demonstrated that FODMAP intake by endurance athletes is high both surrounding exercise and habitually, and may be contributing to GI symptoms experienced during exercise. This information can be utilized when analyzing athlete diets and selecting foods to decrease GI symptoms.
耐力运动员通常会出现与肠易激综合征（IBS）类似的下消化道（GI）症状。先前针对限制可发酵寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇（FODMAP）的研究，这是一种最初为IBS开发的基于饮食的缓解策略，已显示出在运动员群体中应用的前景。围绕运动的运动员饮食策略尚未就食物或运动营养产品的FODMAP含量进行正式评估。此外，尚未在更大样本量中研究运动员习惯性饮食的FODMAP含量。本研究旨在通过检查这三个方面并结合GI症状来调查耐力运动员饮食的FODMAP含量。使用先前验证的耐力运动员问卷对430名耐力运动员围绕运动的饮食习惯和GI症状进行了检查。一部分运动员（n = 73）完成了一份针对习惯性摄入量的FODMAP特定食物频率问卷。使用标准化分析方法分析了最常报告的运动营养产品的FODMAP含量。将平均习惯性摄入量与先前的FODMAP研究进行比较，并比较有和没有下消化道症状的人群的中位数。运动员在赛前晚餐和早餐时通常会食用高FODMAP食物，超过60%的人报告食用了特定的高FODMAP食物。更频繁地使用营养产品，特别是固体、凝胶/软糖和自制产品，通常与GI症状频率增加有关。在测试的16种常用运动营养产品中，有7种一份的FODMAP含量高。其余产品中除一种外，在多份食用时都会变成高FODMAP，这在耐力运动期间很可能是这种情况。平均习惯性FODMAP摄入量为26.1克（±15.9克），与先前关于FODMAP和IBS或GI症状的研究中归类为高FODMAP的摄入量相似。只有15.1%的运动员食用的饮食被认为FODMAP含量低。探索性分析表明，在表现出各种下消化道症状的运动员中，某些FODMAP类型的摄入量较高。总体而言，本研究表明，耐力运动员在运动期间和习惯性地FODMAP摄入量都很高，这可能是导致运动期间出现GI症状的原因。在分析运动员饮食和选择食物以减轻GI症状时，可以利用这些信息。
