Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Chemosphere. 2019 Apr;221:55-66. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.187. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
The continuous discharge of antibiotic pharmaceuticals from incomplete wastewater treatment processes into receiving water bodies has become a matter of both scientific and public concern as antibiotics may exert adverse influences on non-target organisms. In this study, the occurrence of seven most commonly prescribed antibiotics belonging to four therapeutic classes of β-lactams, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones were investigated in the effluent of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and two river waters: Firozabad Ditch (receiving effluent) and Kan River (not receiving effluent) in Tehran, Iran. In 2016, average consumption rate of target antibiotics in Tehran province was evaluated based on Anatomical Therapeutic chemical (ATC)/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system and reported as DDD/1000 inh/day. The highest consumption rate was for amoxicillin (128017.6 mg/1000 inhabitants/day), whereas it remained lower for other compounds (amoxicillin > cefixime > azithromycin > ciprofloxacin > cephalexin > erythromycin > penicillin). Ciprofloxacin (79.62 mg/1000 inh/d) and cephalexin (209.51 mg/inh/d) with highest mass loads were evaluated in the influent of WWTP A and WWTP B, respectively. Ciprofloxacin (24.87 mg/1000 inh/d) and cefixime (90.45 mg/1000 inh/d) were the highest evaluated mass loads in the effluent of Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant (WWTP A) and Tehran Southern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP B), respectively. The calculated risk quotients showed that six out of seven target antibiotics posed a high risk to algae (M. aeruginosa and P. subcapitata) and bacteria (P. putida) in the effluent of WWTPs and the rivers wherein amoxicillin and penicillin posed a higher risk than other antibiotics occurring due to their lowest PNEC.
由于抗生素从不完全污水处理过程中持续排放到受纳水体中，对非目标生物可能产生不利影响，因此成为科学界和公众关注的问题。本研究调查了伊朗德黑兰的两个污水处理厂（WWTP）和两条河流（Firozabad 沟渠，接收废水；以及 Kan 河，不接收废水）的废水中，属于β-内酰胺类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类四个治疗类别的七种最常用抗生素的出现情况。2016 年，根据解剖治疗化学（ATC）/限定日剂量（DDD）系统评估了德黑兰省目标抗生素的平均消费率，并以 DDD/1000inh/天报告。消耗量最高的是阿莫西林（128017.6mg/1000 居民/天），而其他化合物的消耗量较低（阿莫西林>头孢克肟>阿奇霉素>环丙沙星>头孢氨苄>红霉素>青霉素）。在 WWTP A 和 WWTP B 的进水口中，评价了最高质量负荷的环丙沙星（79.62mg/1000inh/d）和头孢氨苄（209.51mg/inh/d）。在 Ekbatan 污水处理厂（WWTP A）和德黑兰南部污水处理厂（WWTP B）的出水中，评价了最高质量负荷的环丙沙星（24.87mg/1000inh/d）和头孢克肟（90.45mg/1000inh/d）。计算的风险商数表明，在 WWTP 和河流的废水中，七种目标抗生素中有六种对藻类（绿藻和铜绿微囊藻）和细菌（恶臭假单胞菌）构成高风险，阿莫西林和青霉素由于其 PNEC 最低，比其他抗生素具有更高的风险。
