Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2019;342:175-263. doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006. Epub 2018 Oct 24.
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
鉴于不断增长和老龄化的人口，旅行和疫苗接种选择的增加，使现有和新兴病毒及其相关疾病的能力导致不可预测的爆发，对其进行持续的流行病学监测变得越来越重要。即使在工业化国家，疾病暴发和群体免疫也受到密切关注，因为以前已根除的病毒由于毒株重组、病毒载体地理范围缩小以及可能被用作生物恐怖主义手段而再次出现的风险。目前迫切需要针对病毒进行合理设计疫苗，重点是针对适应性免疫效应记忆 T 细胞的疫苗接种，因为它是赋予对多种病原体和恶性肿瘤产生长期保护的免疫的金标准。在这里，我们回顾了历史上引起大规模爆发和严重致命疾病的病毒，包括呼吸道、胃部、皮肤、肝脏、神经和出血热。为了观察针对这些病毒性疾病的疫苗接种趋势，我们描述了病毒的遗传、复制、传播和嗜性、宿主免疫逃逸策略以及相关综合征的流行病学和健康风险。我们专注于针对自然感染和疫苗接种产生的免疫，在这两种情况下，从量化激活和增殖的、具有长期存活效应记忆 T 细胞亚群的免疫原性中观察到赋予疫苗接种的免疫原性的稳步转变，这些亚群是针对导致高发病率和死亡率的病毒及其相关疾病的长期免疫的突出生物标志物。
