CIBIO/InBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario De Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
National Institute of Ecology, 1210, Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, South Chungcheong province, 33657, Republic of Korea.
BMC Evol Biol. 2019 Jan 14;19(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1347-x.
Peninsulas often harvest high genetic diversity through repeated southward migrations of species during glacial maxima. Studies addressing within-species evolutionary responses to climate fluctuations in northeast Asia are limited compared to other regions of the world, and more so in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we conducted the first population-level study of the yellow-throated marten, Martes flavigula, from the Korean Peninsula, Russian, Taiwanese and Chinese localities in a biogeographic framework using mitochondrial (cyt-b, nd2, cr) and nuclear gene sequencing (ghr).
Bayesian analyses revealed a rather young population, with a split from the most recent common ancestor at around 125 kya. Martes flavigula likely colonized the Korean Peninsula from Mainland China through the Yellow Sea twice, ca. 60 kya and 20 kya. Korean martens diversified during the Late Pleistocene with at least two dispersal events out of Korea, towards the southwest to Taiwan (ca. 80 kya) and towards the North into Russia and eastern China; most likely after the Last Glacial Maxima (ca. 20 kya). We argue that the lack of population structure and mixed populations is possibly a consequence of the high dispersal capability of the species. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed a population decline within the last 5000 years, suggesting potential negative biotic and anthropogenic effects in the area. We find that local populations are not genetically differentiated, therefore no perceptible population structure within Korea was found.
The topography and geography of the Korean Peninsula has played a pivotal role in its colonization. Connections between the Korean Peninsula and the Mainland through sea-level drops of the Yellow Sea at times of glacial maxima and the high dispersal capability of M. flavigula adds to the lack of geographical structure in this species and the paraphyly of Korean lineages.
在冰川高峰期，物种的多次向南迁徙往往会使半岛地区收获到高度的遗传多样性。与世界其他地区相比，针对东北亚物种对气候波动的种内进化响应的研究较少，在朝鲜半岛更是如此。在本研究中，我们在生物地理框架内，首次对朝鲜半岛、俄罗斯、中国台湾和中国的黄喉貂（Martes flavigula）进行了种群水平的研究，使用了线粒体（cyt-b、nd2、cr）和核基因测序（ghr）。
贝叶斯分析显示，该种群相当年轻，与最近的共同祖先的分歧发生在大约 12.5 万年前。黄喉貂可能两次通过黄海从中国大陆迁徙到朝鲜半岛，一次发生在大约 6 万年前，另一次发生在大约 2 万年前。朝鲜半岛的黄喉貂在更新世晚期发生了多样化，至少有两次从朝鲜半岛向外扩散的事件，一次是向西南方向到台湾（大约 8 万年前），另一次是向北方进入俄罗斯和中国东部；最有可能是在末次冰期最大值之后（大约 2 万年前）。我们认为，缺乏种群结构和混合种群可能是该物种高扩散能力的结果。贝叶斯天空线图显示，在过去的 5000 年里，该种群数量有所下降，表明该地区可能存在潜在的负面生物和人为影响。我们发现，当地种群在遗传上没有分化，因此在朝鲜没有发现明显的种群结构。
朝鲜半岛的地形和地理位置在其殖民化过程中发挥了关键作用。在冰川高峰期，黄海海平面下降时，朝鲜半岛与大陆之间的联系，以及黄喉貂的高扩散能力，导致该物种缺乏地理结构，朝鲜的谱系出现并系。
