Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia.
Laboratory of Forest Inventory and Planning, Faculty of Forestry, University of Mulawarman, Samarinda, 75123, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 15;9(1):140. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36594-8.
Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) sustains ~37 million hectares of native tropical forest. Numerous large-scale infrastructure projects aimed at promoting land-development activities are planned or ongoing in the region. However, little is known of the potential impacts of this new infrastructure on Bornean forests or biodiversity. We found that planned and ongoing road and rail-line developments will have many detrimental ecological impacts, including fragmenting large expanses of intact forest. Assuming conservatively that new road and rail projects will influence only a 1 km buffer on either side, landscape connectivity across the region will decline sharply (from 89% to 55%) if all imminently planned projects proceed. This will have particularly large impacts on wide-ranging, rare species such as rhinoceros, orangutans, and elephants. Planned developments will impact 42 protected areas, undermining Indonesian efforts to achieve key targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity. New infrastructure will accelerate expansion in intact or frontier regions of legal and illegal logging and land colonization as well as illicit mining and wildlife poaching. The net environmental, social, financial, and economic risks of several imminent projects-such as parallel border roads in West, East, and North Kalimantan, new Trans-Kalimantan road developments in Central Kalimantan and North Kalimantan, and freeways and rail lines in East Kalimantan-could markedly outstrip their overall benefits. Such projects should be reconsidered in light of rigorous cost-benefit frameworks.
印度尼西亚婆罗洲（加里曼丹）拥有约 3700 万公顷的原生热带森林。该地区计划或正在开展众多旨在促进土地开发活动的大型基础设施项目。然而，人们对这些新基础设施对婆罗洲森林或生物多样性可能产生的影响知之甚少。我们发现，规划中的道路和铁路线发展将产生许多不利的生态影响，包括将大片完整的森林分割开来。假设新的道路和铁路项目仅会对两侧各 1 公里的缓冲区产生影响，如果所有迫在眉睫的项目都得以推进，那么该地区的景观连通性将急剧下降（从 89%降至 55%）。这将对犀牛、猩猩和大象等分布广泛的稀有物种产生特别大的影响。规划中的发展将影响 42 个保护区，破坏印度尼西亚在实现《生物多样性公约》关键目标方面的努力。新的基础设施将加速未受干扰地区或合法和非法伐木、土地开垦以及非法采矿和野生动物偷猎的扩张。几个迫在眉睫的项目——如西加里曼丹、东加里曼丹和北加里曼丹的边境公路、中加里曼丹和北加里曼丹的新跨加里曼丹公路发展，以及东加里曼丹的高速公路和铁路线——的净环境、社会、财务和经济风险可能明显超过其总体效益。应根据严格的成本效益框架重新考虑这些项目。
