Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands.
Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2019 Jan 16;14(1):e0203248. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203248. eCollection 2019.
Saccades can either be elicited automatically by salient peripheral stimuli or can additionally depend on explicit cognitive goals. Similarly, it is thought that motor adaptation is driven by the combination of a more automatic, implicit process and a more explicit, cognitive process. However, the degree to which such implicit and explicit learning contribute to the adaptation of more reactive and voluntary saccades remains elusive. To study this question, we employed a global saccadic adaptation paradigm with both increasing and decreasing saccade amplitudes. We assessed the resulting adaptation using a dual state model of motor adaptation. This model decomposes learning into a fast and slow process, which are thought to constitute explicit and implicit learning, respectively. Our results show that adaptation of reactive saccades is equally driven by fast and slow learning, while fast learning is nearly absent when adapting voluntary (i.e. scanning) saccades. This pattern of results was present both when saccade gain was increased or decreased. Our results suggest that the increased cognitive demands associated with voluntary compared to reactive saccade planning interfere specifically with explicit learning.
扫视可以通过显著的外围刺激自动引发，也可以根据明确的认知目标来引发。同样，人们认为运动适应是由更自动的、内隐的过程和更明确的、认知的过程的组合驱动的。然而，这种内隐和外显学习在多大程度上有助于更具反应性和自主性的扫视的适应仍然难以捉摸。为了研究这个问题，我们采用了一种具有递增和递减扫视幅度的全局扫视适应范式。我们使用运动适应的双态模型来评估由此产生的适应。该模型将学习分解为快速和缓慢的过程，这被认为分别构成了外显学习和内隐学习。我们的结果表明，反应性扫视的适应同样是由快速和缓慢的学习驱动的，而在适应自主性（即扫视）扫视时，快速学习几乎不存在。当扫视增益增加或减少时，都会出现这种结果模式。我们的结果表明，与反应性扫视相比，自主性扫视计划所涉及的认知需求增加，会特别干扰外显学习。
